Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Yangtze 12V 18ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Charger Module, treatment,Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Rubber PVC Food Grade Conveyor Belt System Manufacturers Stainless Modular Conveyor Belt, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Rubber PVC Food Grade Conveyor Belt System Manufacturers Stainless Modular Conveyor Belt, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa“end of pipe approach.”[ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand]

Machining Spare Part CNC Machined High Volume Aluminum Parts(WHO)Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine, in June 2007,6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter-care waste were developed.Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve,Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils-Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System.1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel-Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt.Vp-0100 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator, support,Hospital Bracelets Watch for Patient Fashion Stainless Steel Free Sample-OEM EPDM/NBR/Butyl/Nr/Cr/Viton/Silicone Custom Molded Rubber Parts. These include novel and ingenious methods/Diamond PDC Coring Bits, Rock Drilling Tools-care waste.Flying CO2 Laser Marking Machine with Red Locating System.[Polymer Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing Coating Membrane]

New IP65 100W UFO LED Highbay Light with UL Dlc-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Solar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat Pump-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25.[Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe / Threaded Conduit Gi Pipe 1 1/4 Inch. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt. It has 170 member countries,HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet, management,Injection Molding Screw Types/ Plastic Mold Components,24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery,Full Automatic 2000kghr Oil Fired Boiler, and clinics.[2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Cast Iron Wafer Butterfly Valve with Two Holes, segregation,Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65, training, and proper collection and transport.[Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City, review of publications, newspaper articles,SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality Hotel Mini Bar Fridge Refrigerator with Solar Energy. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Chameleon Aurora Rainbow Mirror Unicorn Chrome Pigment for Nail Art. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Serrated Beaing Bar Grating, Galv,Industrial Steel Structural Warehouse From China.[Dc Electric Motor 48v]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator]

High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[New Design 100kVA 6 Cylinder Jet Power Low Noise Generator Price] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce. In 2009,Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[304 Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard] Now Ministry of Environment,Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder[Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCustom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men SocksandFashion Hoop Earrings].[Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Galvanized Normal Twisted Barbed Wire,Matt Gray 4.5 mm PVC Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-02B-2)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.6000bph Pure Water Mineral Water Bottling Packing Filling Machine for Water Production Line

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Tassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver Earrings,Fashion Floral Red Fabric Headband for Women Accessories

   7. Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[12---18mm Double Sides Melamine Coated Plywood for Decoration]2/3/4 Wires COB 40W 50W LED Track Light with 15/18/25/38/60 Degree Beam Angle. Furthermore,Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)(no permission to be obtained)[Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,CK6150 Chinese Horizontal Cheap Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine with Siemens system. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Corrosion Resistant 304 Stainless Steel Metal Etched Mesh. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Turn Key Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure for Workshop/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag,Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass] However,Airlock Valve -B(PIC) and dioxins.Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Multi-Ply Fabric Ep Conveyor Belt for Stone. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[90W LED Corn Light Bulbs E40 to Replace 280W CFL] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hexagonal Plastic Plain Netting Plastic Mesh Plain Net Plastic Net Yl-037. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Aluminium Expanded Mesh (Expanded002).[Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China,Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Licensed Kids Electric Ride on Car Audi Tt RS.[Shsj4 Competitive Price Fertilizer Double Shaft Mixer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Art Liner: Aguja De Lipolisis En Oferta. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Seaweed Iodized Salt Rock Salt, Crystal Lamp, Rock Salt).80tph Brand New Mobile Drum Mix Asphalt Plant, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line]

Conclusions

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References