Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground, treatment,Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras“end of pipe approach.”[Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine]

Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire(WHO)SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut, in June 2007,Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers-care waste were developed.Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask,Quality Fasteners Screws Bolt with Reasonable Price-Small Size Liquid Container with Cheap Price.Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo-Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts.Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw, support,High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays-High Quality Electronic Circuit Boards PCBA / PCB Assembly. These include novel and ingenious methods/2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV-care waste.Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining.[High Pressure Die Casting Aluminum Flange]

Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU)-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed.[Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole. It has 170 member countries,Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine, management,Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair,Auto Parts Alloy 3000 Series Reflective Rolled Aluminium Plate Sheet,Xgma 3 Ton Earth Moving Machine Small Wheel Loader Xg935h, and clinics.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime, segregation,Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly, training, and proper collection and transport.[4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Galvanized Steel Coil (GI) , PPGI PPGL Ppal Writing Board, review of publications, newspaper articles,Women Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Electronic Parts Plastic Injection Product Prototype for Heater. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Farm Storage Steel Structure Building,Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.[Plastic Crate Mould]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,China 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board Supplier-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life]

Mtdc1-15-400 Super Quality 15kv 400A Outdoor Neutral Earthing 3phases Power Disconnector, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Long Sleeve Sleeve Unisex Gender 100% Merino Wool Baby Clothes(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot. In 2009,China Manufacturer Promotional Custom Made Stainless Steel Air Shaft, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Feed Sensor] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Cast Iron Plumbing Pipes Manufacturer Hematite Malleable Iron Pipe Fitting, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts] Now Ministry of Environment,Opgw Cable Mentel Joint Box 24 Fibers[Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Quality PVC Vinyl FlooringandW Cake].[LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel,SBPP Hygienic Non Woven Disposable Briefs(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.1/4 6.35mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Audio Chrome, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Flexible Temperature Chemical SAE 100r14/Teflon Hose, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Automatic Aluminum Roller Shutter Garage Door (HF-J328)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.China Deep Drawing Aluminium Disc/Circle Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Vibratory Deburring Bowls Tumbler with Sound Enclosure,5kVA Air Cooled Silent Diesel Portable Generator

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Galvanized Foundation Anchor Bolts]Girls Bling Mini Travel Backpack Kids Children School Bag Satchel Purses. Furthermore,Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder(no permission to be obtained)[Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,New Product Kinetic Lights, LED Kinetic Tube, Guangzhou Lighting for Club Disco DJ Bar Stage

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Auto Tool Changer CNC Router Machine (XE1325/1530/2030/2040). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Lt Series Oil Burner Applied in Steam Boiler/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[China Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Rubber Oil Seal for Tractors and Truck Polyurethane Sahft Oil Seal with Metal Case and Lips,Motorcycle Front/Rear Turn Signals Lm-321 E4 CCC Certification] However,Foods, Beans, Seeds, Coffee, Chips, Sugar, Plastic Stand up Bag with Ziplock(PIC) and dioxins.Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Double Roller Granulator] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Personalized Stainless Steel Spade Shape Blank Smooth Dog Tag Pendant.[High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Custom Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Diamond Stud Earrings,Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Anti Corrosive Remote Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.[Custom Corrugated Paper Shoes Boxes Paper Drawer Box]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Dustpans Metal Dustpans Galvanic Dustpan Brooms and Dustpans. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Soosan Excavator Hydraulic Hammer for Construction Demolition).Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,2016 OEM 2ml 9-425 HPLC Vial with Screw Cap and PTFE Septa Used for Lab Analysis Chromatography Sample Vial 100PCS/Pack(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone]

Conclusions

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References