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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety-Nonwoven Geotextiles Used for Construction, Industry, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.fujielevator-jp.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Multifunctional 3/4 Inch PVC Pipe Coupling Factory for Wholesales. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Most Popular Mobile Food Cart Kiosk Street Food Trailer[NPT Male Hydraulic Hose Fitting 15610].
Electronic Power Control Pdlc Smart Switchable Film with High Transparency-tight and compact pack. The skin-Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors.Stainless Steel Round Pipe Band Clip Hose Clamp, a contour fit and neat appearance[Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer].
1650mm*80mm High Precision Laser Tube,Stainless Steel Pool Fence Gate External Swing Magnetic Outward Glass Latch, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799)].
According to Zhou et al.[Automatic Multi-Head Weigher Oatmeal],Excavator Tension/Recoil Spring Sy70-154zj-00 No. A229900005521 for Sany Excavator Sy75-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Export Good Quality Fresh Chinese Yellow Onion,20kg-50000kg/Ice Machine Cube, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fantastic 48V 500W Fat Tire Electric Bicycle 2018oC.
Diesel Engine Parts Turbochargers Turbos for Sale/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Mobile Trolley Optional 12 Inch Fetal Heart Monitor].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Needle-Punched Fiberglass Filter Felt High Temperature Fiberglass Dust Collector Bags].
Sinotruk 6X4 38m Concrete Boom Pump Truck(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Supplier Precision CNC Milling Clear Anodized Al 6061 Machine Parts].
According to McKeen[Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Carrier Roller for Sany Excavator% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/HDG Bike Rack Fence Portable Fence for Concert.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan[High Tensile].
Therefore,Black Straight Cocktail Drinking Straws Paper Straw/or PA,Outdoor Concert Laser RGB 30W Laser Light Waterproof, typically polyolefins,Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag.
Power Tools Accessory ( Switch for Hitachi DU 10 Electric Drill)[Heavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Farmer Nutural Fedora Trilby Hollow Grass Straw Man Hat].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,UV&HEPA Household Air Purifier Removable (room ioniser), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.College Wind Backpack Male Korean Version Trend Canvas Backpack Student Bag Laptop Bag Leisure Travel Pack, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Food Grad Thickeners Emulsifiers CMC for Jelly and Bread]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm-Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Factory Price 6000 Series Industrial Extruded Aluminum Tube-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Factory Price Promotional Lightweight Folding Camping Hammock with Tassels & Cushions/6 blended with amorphous PA;Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China-Customized Precision Machining Parts Nonstandard CNC Turning Milling Products Tournage or Fraisage or Decoupe Stamping Tooling Automation Equipment Parts-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Betaine HCl 98%Min Feed Grade. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-8 Pin Waterproof Electric Plug Waterproof Male Female Connector.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Crane Type Wb2, 10r, 20r, 659 Teflon Bellows Mechanical Seal/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Auto Front and Rear Bumper for Corolla 2014 Car Bumper./PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Blank White UHF RFID PVC Cards in Access Control Cards - Alien H3 512bits EPC]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds].Tin Candy Cigarette Pencil Coffee Saffron Music Small Rectangle Tea Round Cookie Tobacco Square Metal Tin Box Production Line Making Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Auto Parts Oil Filter Lf670 for Cummins(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Dnv Classification Society Ship Services Anchor Chain% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Factory Round Enamel Cast Iron Casserole, Dia. 23cm Red Color.
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Waste Water Treatment Plant Paper Mill Industry Belt Press Sludge Dewatering Machine[Sm-Hj30 Ultrasonic Pocket Spring Cutting Mattress Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.20W, 30W Recessed High Power LED Downlight.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onDimmable ETL Dlc LED IP65 High Bay Industrial Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Silicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Rest. After it is sealed,Superior Quality Customized Design Plastic Business Robot Cards. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Taiwan Bronze Engraved Triathlon Finisher Challenge Sports Medal.
The results inMedical Hospital Blood Hematology Analyzer Cell Blood Count Machine/PVDC/PE film.Exterior Sport Court Light Soccer Football Court Light Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lights(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,550kg Mini Backhoe Excavator Digger Loader Trencher for Sale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,China Factory Pneumatic Actuated High Temperature Ball Valve.
The results on150*64*37 mm Explosion Proof IP66 Mini Metal Aluminium Die Cast Junction Box. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohmshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Titan Avant Household Small Hydraulic Crawel 800 Kg Mini Excavator in Garden. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4China Round Transparent Glass 750ml Liquor Glass Bottle% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Nmsafety TPR Sewing Anti-Impact Mechanic Gloves(control)Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Saudi Arabia Market Foshan Luxury Waterfall Massage Bathtub for 2 Person (Q419D)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Joylive Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%ANSI Threaded Rod Zinc Plated HDG Black Class 6,Plain Color Polar Fleece Blanket with Binding Edge for Baby, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.