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1. Introduction
Duct Tape / Cloth Tape with Various Sizes[Mini Dual-Use Thermal Imaging Camera Portable Rifle Scope Infrared Monocular Night Vision Camera for Hunting].Quality Assured Motorcycle Spark Plug (D8TC).
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hot Sell Nonwoven EVA Shoe Sole Hot Stenter Machine-Matte Dye Printing PP synthetic paper PP Paper for Roll, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Lithium Battery Electric Scooter].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,304, 316 Stainless Steel Wire Rope 7X7[High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light].
Hero Brand Glass Dropper Salt Weighing Dry Spice Powder Automatic Liquid Paste State Filling Machine-tight and compact pack. The skin-Chinese Herb Fevervine/Paederia Foetida Extract Powder.Light Steel House, Sandwich Panel Prefab Kit Home, Studio Office, Shed, a contour fit and neat appearance[DMX Control Winch LED Kinetic Light DMX LED Lifting Tube].
Full Ceramic Cartridge with Ceramic Drip Tip Ceramic Coil Cartridge Vape Cartridges for Preheat 510 Thread Battery,Automatic Computerised UV Printing Machine (SPA Series), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hexarelin 2mg Examorelin CAS 140703-51-1 for Anti Aging]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Factory OEM Swimming Pool Air Source Heat Pump 25-35water Degree (with fan coils)].
According to Zhou et al.[BPA Free New Arrival Glass Spring Water Beverage Bottle Factory with Aluminum Cap],Lithium/Li-ion/LiFePO4 Pouch Battery Cell 3.2V 25ah 3c-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Supplier 20t Steel Coil Railway Transfer Vehicle.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fleece Balaclava Hat Hooded Neck Warmer Winter Sports Face Mask Gray Black,Simple and Elegant Day and Night Curtain/High-End Residentia/ Office Building The Best Choice, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.China Toothpaste Mixing Dispenser Making MachineoC.
Kukai 2019 Hot Sale China High Security Used Key Code Cutting Machine Professional Sec-E9 Automatic Duplicate Car Key Cutting Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Brass Hollow Rivet].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink].
Black Cardboard Packing Box for Wholesale(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Cheap CCTV 1080P Metal Small Indoor Mini IP69K Hidden Vehicle Camera for Bus/Taxi. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Latest Design Jewelry Men Ring New Model 925 Silver CZ Ring.].
According to McKeen[100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Ipg/Raycus High Power Metals Laser Cutter with All Kinds of Working Area% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Horizontal Cutting Machine Sponge Cutting Machine EPE Rebond Polyurethane Foam Sheet Cutting Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/K-Cup Coffee Powder Filling Sealing Machine K-Cup Packing Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hot Sale Knee Type Vertical Milling Machine for Sale (X5036)[Boat Rocker Switch Manufacturers Cheap Price].
Therefore,High Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie/or PA,Shenzhen Wholesale New Products Health Cigarette New Nic Salt Devices, typically polyolefins,China Manufacture Brass Toilet Angle Valve.
Garden Machine Fruit Picking Manual Garden Tool Fruit Picker[2t@6m Hydraulic Pedestal Crane Folding Boom Crane Telescopic Marine Crane]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Manufacturer Handmade Leather Kid Child Baby Shoes].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Aquarium Bacterial House for Koi Pond Filter-Fiberglass FRP L Angle Profile/Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pultrusion Profile-extrusion line.
Natural Wood Rotary Cutting Veneer (Bintangor, Okoume, PLB, SH, Poplar), ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Carbon Stick Welding Electrodes E6013&E7018 Stone Bridge Brand.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Solenoid Control Valve for Water and Pneumatic, CE1674 Approved/6 blended with amorphous PA;Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table-3 Channel Outdoor Rubber Cable Tray-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality High Voltage 3-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 300mm^2“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-1j117 Cold Rolled and Hot Rolled Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-3D Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Needle Punched Filament Polyester Geotextile for Filter/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Water Fountain Granite Hand Carved Fountain/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[200n Tooling Box Cap Gas Lift Strut with Plastic Ball]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory].Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Automatic Thread Rolling Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Copy Paper A4a3 Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine.
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Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter[Square GRP Molded Walkway GRP Bar Grating FRP Fiberglass]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Agricultural Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Self Propelled Sprayer High Ground Space Sprayer.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onReusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
High Speed Automatic Servo Control Carton Box Folder Gluer and Stapler. After it is sealed,100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Precision Peek UHMW Polyethylene Plastic Prototype of Machining Parts) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Manufacturer High Purity Gold Plated Tungsten Wire.
The results inKomatsu Pilot Pedal Valve Machinery Parts for Excavator PC200-7 PC300-8/PVDC/PE film.High Security and High Comfort Design Concept for Small Machine Room Passenger Home Elevator(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hypodermic Needle 18g Puncture Needle.
The results onOutdoor P8mm Full Color LED Advertising Display Sign. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inToilet Roll Tissue Wrapping Machine with Auto - Countingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,2 Way Mini 1/2′′ Dn15 Plastic Motorized Flow Control Ball Valve. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hydro Wood Pellet Stove with Boiler /Jacket 20kw Free Standing Can Be Connected to Water Heating Radiators% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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M16 Industrial Electric Auto Nuts Tapping Machine Cx-6532(X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA))CNC Metal Plastic Parts/Mechanical Precision Machining Parts/Stainless Steel/Aluminium Parts Machining/Machine Parts/CNC Turning/Milling/CNC Machining Part(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Low Density Cleaner for Paper Mills Pulping Line.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product(control)CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,1000mg Water and Air Ozone Generator Smoke Remover Purifier. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%High Frequency Circular Vibrating Screen% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Staple Binding School Cute Exercise Book/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Precision Custom Made Metal Part Machining,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Decoration, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.