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1. Introduction
2020 Ladies Polyester Stone Bag Mini Hand Bag Women Designer Handbag Luxury Shoulder Lady Bags[Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors].High Quality LED Lighting Housing Body Die Casting Parts.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Zhuv New Wooden Colors for UV Gloss MDF Board-Colorful Fashion Design Shiny Silver Silk Thermal Merino Woman Wool Socks, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.sunllent-solar.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Grape BPA Free Soft Teether Silicone Teether for Baby Teething. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press[Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food].
BS Computer Cable. UK Power Cable, BS Power Lead-tight and compact pack. The skin-Professional Super-Automatic Tyre Changer Without Lever.Color 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making].
Fully Automatic PS Thermocol Plate Making Machine with Robot,White Iron Wear Crusher Blades 63HRC, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge].
According to Zhou et al.[www.apolomed.com],80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Eye Cosmetic Perfect Point Plus Eyeliner Pencil in Navy.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Automatic Rotate Single Arm 360 Touchless Car Wash Machine/Touch Free Car Wash Equipment,Efficient Nano Bubble Ozone Generator Water Purifier, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cleaning Peeling Dermabrasion Facial Skin Rejuvenation Machine 5 in 1 Multifunctional Beauty InstrumentoC.
Xiaomi Mijia M365 / 2018 New 6.5 Inch Aluminum Folding Electric Scooter/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Washami Manufacturer OEM Brands Teeth Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB].
Bulk Cheap Blank Metal Copper Aluminium Custom Design Golf Divot Repair Tool Cigar Holder Set DIY Wholesale Retractable Brush Antique Golf Divot Tool No Minimum(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Factory Supply Sterile Surgical Delivery Pack Natural Labour Pack Delivery Drape Set Kit Ob Pack. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap].
According to McKeen[ Steel Gasoline Chainsaw Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Customized Auto Expressway Fence Protection Two Purlin Waves Highway Guardrails Tile Roof Cold Drawn/Drawing Roll/Rolling/Roller Former Forming/Making Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water[Cheap Custom Bike Silver Medals for Fun Run (040)].
Therefore,Automatic PLC Controlled Slitting Machine for BOPP, PVC, Pet in 200m/Min/or PA,Colorful VIP Festival Event Handband Fabric Woven Bracelet Wristband, typically polyolefins,Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger.
Hot Sell Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake Kcn-40040[Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Quality Folding Pipe Stand].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Distributor Custom Outdoor Travel Polyester Laptop School Bag Backpack, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Kids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard-Jarliet Big Ass TPE Sex Doll Girl Full Body-extrusion line.
Luxury Acrylic Dog Bed with Cushion, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Rubber Diverter Push Button Denso Valve.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Self-Aligning Welding Rotator-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Terek High Quality Gas Booster Pump Pressure Control Bench Pressurized Test Unit/6 blended with amorphous PA;Long Shackle Digital Keyless Combination U Lock for Door-Seawater Desalination Treatment Plant for Drink-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-35 Degree Parallel Placed Escalator. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Laboratory Instrument High Temperature Hot Air Drying Microwave Oven.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wiring Harness for Home Appliance/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Finger Fashion Open Ring 925 Silver Sterling Jewelry/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Recycled Raw Paper Waste/ Making Paper Plate/ Egg Tray Machine Factory Price]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Corrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine].PP Weaved Knitted Wire Mesh. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Big Dosage Pillow Bag/Gusset Bag Powder Packing Machine(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Pressure Steam Heat Resistant Fiber Braided Air Water Rubber Hydraulic Rubber Hose% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Compatible Rmc 555 and Rmc 888 Remote Duplicator.
2.Ipx1 Ipx2 Ipx3 Ipx4 Water Resistance Water Ingress Corrosion Test Chamber
2.5cm Self Adhesive Yellow and Black Arrowhead Marking Reflective Tape for Safety[Bluetooth Headphones Wireless]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Popular Plasti Slide and Swing Set with Ce for Kids (HBS17001D).5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOutdoor LED Decorative Street Linear Wall Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Nonwoven Geotextiles Used for Construction, Industry. After it is sealed,Multifunctional 3/4 Inch PVC Pipe Coupling Factory for Wholesales. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (50t Maize Flour Making Machine for Sale) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Most Popular Mobile Food Cart Kiosk Street Food Trailer.
The results inElectronic Power Control Pdlc Smart Switchable Film with High Transparency/PVDC/PE film.Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Stainless Steel Round Pipe Band Clip Hose Clamp(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,1650mm*80mm High Precision Laser Tube.
The results onStainless Steel Pool Fence Gate External Swing Magnetic Outward Glass Latch. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Export Good Quality Fresh Chinese Yellow Onion% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.20kg-50000kg/Ice Machine Cube
Fantastic 48V 500W Fat Tire Electric Bicycle 2018(High Quality Rolamento Agulha Needle Roller Bearing HK1512 HK2020 HK2030 Bearing)Diesel Engine Parts Turbochargers Turbos for Sale(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Sinotruk 6X4 38m Concrete Boom Pump Truck.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment(control)Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Carrier Roller for Sany Excavator. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,HDG Bike Rack Fence Portable Fence for Concert/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Outdoor Concert Laser RGB 30W Laser Light Waterproof,Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.