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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag-Infrared Monoculars Hunting Scope Device Night Vision Goggles, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Collapsible Rolling Wheel Cooler Bag].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,P16 DIP Front Access RGB Outdoor Digital LED Billboards. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Sequins Butterfly Handmade Beads Embroidery Patch[Hot Sale HD MD980asd Wireless Intraoral Camera with SD Card Storage].
3-Phase 96*96mm LCD Display Digital Multifunction Energy Meter-tight and compact pack. The skin-Bio&Media Urea (UA) Test Kit/Ivd Reagent/Uao-Pod Method/Hospital/Lab/Supremely Accurate.Wholesale Junior Outdoor Winter Warm/Windproof Navy/Blue/Black/Grey Hooded Plus Size Cotton Padding/Ski Jacket, a contour fit and neat appearance[50d Cationic Spandex Stretch Fabric for Garment].
Melamine Particle Board/Melanine Faced/ Chipboard,Curved Shape Perforated Aluminum Panels for Interior Wall Decoration, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Agricultural Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Self Propelled Sprayer High Ground Space Sprayer]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window].
According to Zhou et al.[Ceramic Disc Vacuum Filter],Duosida CCS Combo 1 IEC 62196-3 150A DC CCS1 Socket Inlet Ce Approval-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Flying Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Printing Printer Machine for Metal Sheet Engraving.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hr-1500 Corn Flour Mill Machine Small Flour Mill,EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728oC.
6300 Series Auto High Precision Deep Groove Ball Bearing/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card].
Canton Fair Galvanized Steel Aluminium Ibr Roof Sheet Roll Forming Making Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Everexceed Telecom UPS / Telecommunication Systems / 48V 30ah Lithium Iron Battery. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors].
According to McKeen[Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Brightness Reflector Pedestrian Reflective Zinc Alloy Road Stud% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,New! Automatic/Manual Powder Coating Line for Factory.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Artificial Grass 30mm Astro Garden Realistic Natural Turf Fake Lawn.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)LED Lighted Mirrors Vanity Bathroom Frameless Backlit Wall LED Mirror with Anti Fog Touch Button[Debajo de la máquina de inspección explosiva del vehículo].
Therefore,Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel/or PA,Biodegradable Customized Printing Resealable Plastic Snack Dried Food Packaging Bag, typically polyolefins,100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve.
New Type Airless Electric Spraying Machine with Diaphram Rod[Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Small Gift Box with Ribbon].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Staple Length Fiberglass Yarn for Ceiling Panels, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,CNC Fully Machining Power Bank Aluminum Case-Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B-extrusion line.
316L Stainless Steel Wire Rope Net Steel Cable Net for Bird Enclosures, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Heavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Precision Low Cost CNC Plasma Drilling and Cutting Tool/6 blended with amorphous PA;Factory Fashion Women Flannel 100%Polyester Bath Towel Suits Hooded Bathrobe-Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,30ml 50ml 100ml 150ml Aroma Diffuser Bottles“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-2t@6m Hydraulic Pedestal Crane Folding Boom Crane Telescopic Marine Crane.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Top Quality Plastic Handle Stainless Steel Multi Hand Tools Pliers/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,200n Tooling Box Cap Gas Lift Strut with Plastic Ball/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[OEM Foundry Aluminum Alloy Zl104 Die Casting with Powder Coating]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer].Chinese Manufacturer Solar Pump Inverter 380V. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Fire Man Carbon Steel 3.25lb Fire Fighting Axe.
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0.38mm Color F-Green PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*[New Condition 35HP Euro Tractor with Bucket Loaders for Farming Usage]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.LED Filament Bulb G45 Globe Bulb 2W Clear Frosted.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Types of Centrifugal Fans Used in Power Plant Boilers. After it is sealed,UL/FM Ductile Iron Grooved Rigid/Flexible Couplings and Pipe Fittings. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Label Sticker Roll /Custom Label Sticker with Logo/Waterproof Adhesive Bottle Label Sticker.
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Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Tj-420f Automatic Filling and Packaging Equipment for Chili Powder.
The results onGas Strut for Tool Box. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSurveillance HD720p Security Vehicle CCTV Car DVRshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Outdoor Waterproof 36W RGB Factory LED Wall Washer. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Outdoor Natural Stone Marble Water Garden Fountain (GSF-126)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.80GSM Woodfree Offset Paper/ Wf Printing Paper
New Arrival Fashion Silver Chain 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry(Shenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch)Retail Convenience Store Counters Display Showcases for Sale(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)92% Alumina Ceramic Square Tile with Size 20X20X4mm(control)Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,China Factory Nickle Plated Lockable Ball Valve. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%20ml Mini Plastic Cosmetic Perfume Mist Spray Pump Bottle% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Restore Skin and Improve Elasticity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
ABS Plastic Electronic Smart Gym School Locker/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Pg Manual Scraper Bottom Discharge Centrifuge,0.5mm Thickness Mill Finish 1050 Alloy Aluminium Coil for Construction, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.