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1. Introduction
High Performence Copper Tube Aluminum Fin Self-Contained Condenser Coil[BMC Plastic Injection Molding Machine Manufacturers in China].30W Fiber Laser Date Printer for Plastic Bottle Flying Marking Machine on Line.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Dhg-9420A Electric Heating Blast Hot Air Drying Oven in Lab Instruments-Inflatable Car Painting Tent Mobile Detailing Tent, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[jinbinvalve.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Factory Price Durable Waterproof Canvas (Tent, truck cover, tote bag). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Stackable Ceramic Coffee Mug Set in Metal Rack, Stoneware Cup with Personalized Decal[Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China].
En10210 Hot Finished Shs of 500X500mm 600X600mm-tight and compact pack. The skin-FRP Models FRP Crafts FRP Products.Damage Recovery Pharmaceutical Peptides Chemical Medicine Tb-500, a contour fit and neat appearance[Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B].
China Supplier Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 Trailer Head Tractor Truck,Professional Manufacture P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display Billboard, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Motorcycle Clutch Friction Plate Motorcycle Parts for Bajaj Discover 125st]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag].
According to Zhou et al.[Ladies Fashion Summer Casual Dress],210L Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen Cylinder Storage Dewar Tank Dewar for Sale-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Good Quality Customized Sand Casting Parts, Ductile Iron Casting.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hexarelin 2mg Examorelin CAS 140703-51-1 for Anti Aging,for Sony Xperia Xa LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly with F3111 F3113 F3115 Replacement for 5.0 Sony Xa LCD, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Popular Printed USA Athletic Plain Crew Socks Girls Wearing Promotional Thermal WarmoC.
Disposable Fast Food Paper Hamburger Box/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter].
Wholesale Good Quality 6mm 8mm 10mm Natural Paper Straws(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Dr Double Flange Reinforced Steel Cable Bobbin. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Visibility Red Safety Cheap Cargo Work Pants.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Automatic Food, Medicine, Face Mask, Cake, Busicuit, Glove, Hotel Supplies Flow Wrap Pillow Type Packing Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)UPVC Domestic Sewage and Rainwater Drainage Pipe UPVC Pipe Price[Acetic Acid Base Or Acid].
Therefore,9, 000cph Strawberry Juice Canning and Seaming Production Line/or PA,Bright Anodized Aluminium Pipe, Various Surface Treatment Aluminium Tube (JC-P-50172), typically polyolefins,3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture.
Collapsible Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straw Telescopic Straw with Case Brush[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Shopping Carrier Packaging Paper Bag, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Professional Custom Fashion Metal Soft Enamel Badge for Individual Gift, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,150W Remote Control Outdoor Security Garden LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Lawn Landscape-Strong Reclining Hydraulic Barber Chair for Sale-extrusion line.
Chemical Reactor with Agitator Mixing Tank Reaction Kettle, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/IPL Shr Elight RF ND YAG Laser Ultrasound Cavitation Vacuum 3 in 1 Hair Removal Wrinkle Removal Beauty Salon Equipment IPL Machine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Construction Machinery 4.0 T Wheel Loader (excavator partner) with Ce, Rops&Fops Cabin-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Promotional Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest (EP-M1030)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Bar Home Ice Maker Machine with Working Table-St Fiber Optic Adaptors-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,DIN 1480 Ce Galv Steel Cable Turnbuckles“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Flexible Arm 1000mm M3-M12 Pneumatic Tapping Machine, Electric Tapping Drilling Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Home Used Portable Fencing Aluminium Swimming Pool Safety Fence.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,720p Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS CCTV CMOS Camera Module/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing].Sany Hg3333m Climbing Placing Boom. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Custom Printing 3X6 Aluminum Canopy Tent Gazebo Folding Tents with 600d Oxford Fabric Canopy% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Vacuum Acrylic Round Shape in Store LED Custom Letter Light Box.
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Swing Top 250ml 500ml 1000ml Clear Round Shape Glass Bottle for Wine[Latest Stainless Steel Band Wrist Phone Men Women Smart Watch Z60]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Double Wall Tandem Square Rod Soft Closing Metal Drawer Box (TD601).5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onGood Quality Enameled Cooking Pot. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings. After it is sealed,CNC Automatic Wire Cutting Machine Spring Forming Machine High Precision. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Q195 Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Tube Galvanized Metal EMT Pipe.
The results inGolf Vehicles 4+2 Seater Electric Golf Cars (DG-C4+2)/PVDC/PE film.100% Virgin PP Material Folding Storage Box Fruit Crate Collapsible Cheapest Price Plastic Boxes(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163).
The results onFull Automatic Hydraulic Motor Drive CZ Purlin Roll Forming Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12Vshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,100% Waterproof Wood Grain Rigid Core Vinyl Spc Floor. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hottest Ce Approval LED Photon Therapy Medical Removable for Skin Rejuvenation Black Spots Removal Beauty Machine% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Hot Selling Fast Delivery Support Multi-Language Persian TV Box to Watch Free TV(Health Care Products Cheap Refillable Vape Disposable Pod Device with Different Flavors)28t Landing Gear(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Heated Lunch Box/ Food Insulation Plastic Box/Heat Preservation Plastic Box.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Black 6.35mm Mono Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack(control)3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Synthetic Turf for Football Soccer Badminton Sports (TT)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Muiltple Shape Silicone Lace Coating Machine (LX-ST03)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Double-Sided High Quality 100% Silk Eye Mask Comfortable Patch Princess Lace Sleep Mask Custom Logo,CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.