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1. Introduction
CNC New CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter with High Speed[Cleaning Peeling Dermabrasion Facial Skin Rejuvenation Machine 5 in 1 Multifunctional Beauty Instrument].IP66 Protection Infrared Night Vision Monocular, Guide IR510 Monocular Night Vision Camera, Infrared Thermal Camera Night Vision Scope.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,CNC Water Jet Cutter Ultra High Pressure 5 Axis Waterjet Cutting Machine-Luxury Custom Black Large Desktop Wooden Jewelry Storage Box Cabinet (8733), and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Walking Assistant Chair Help Walking].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,5 Liter Packed Medical Ultrasound Gel with Ce and ISO. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,UV Protected Garden Landscaping Decor Artificial Grass Soccer Pitch Football Field Plastic Synthetic Fake Lawn Imitation Turf[NPT Male Hydraulic Hose Fitting 15610].
Tall/Large Cube Glass Terrarium Planter Gift Card Holder-tight and compact pack. The skin-Toilet Roll Tissue Wrapping Machine with Auto - Counting.Electric Home Essential Oil Diffuser Humidifier Scent Diffuser, a contour fit and neat appearance[Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer].
Fiber Optic Connector Cleaner for MPO MTP Per Clean with Over 600,Press Fitting Joint Furniture Cast Iron Pipe Fitting, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799)].
According to Zhou et al.[Corrugated Aluminum Plate],Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)A519 1010 Cold Drwan Seamless Carbon Steel Mechanical Pipe Manufacturer,.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Various Bridge NdFeB Motor Magnets with High Performance,Modular AC Contactor, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Latest Design Jewelry Men Ring New Model 925 Silver CZ Ring.oC.
CNC Stainless Steel Insert Positioning Screw Number Controller/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Mobile Trolley Optional 12 Inch Fetal Heart Monitor].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Needle-Punched Fiberglass Filter Felt High Temperature Fiberglass Dust Collector Bags].
Daf System Water Treatment Air Flotation Oil and Water Separator(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Pulse /Hotbar Welding Machine for SMT PCB /FPC/ FPC to PCB/FFC to FPC. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Supplier Precision CNC Milling Clear Anodized Al 6061 Machine Parts].
According to McKeen[Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Ductile Iron Universal Flexible Quick Flange Adaptor Dn400% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Men′s Winter Riding Snowmobiling Jacket for Sale.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Wholesale 330ml 11oz Thick Frosted Liquor Wine Glass Bottle.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Manufacture High Loft Washable Polyester Wadding/Padding Quilting Batting[Automatic Dry Granulator for Large Production].
Therefore,Forged Steel Side Entry Full Bore Reduced Bore Rptfe Peek Devlon Soft Seat Floating Ball Valve Pn16 Pn25 Pn64 with Fire Safe Design/or PA,5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring, typically polyolefins,Votive Tealight Glass Candle Holder Manufacturer.
Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock, Luxury Key Card Hotel Lock[Heavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Farmer Nutural Fedora Trilby Hollow Grass Straw Man Hat].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Qt40-1 Small Concrete Cement Brick Machine/Machinery, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2020 Ladies Polyester Stone Bag Mini Hand Bag Women Designer Handbag Luxury Shoulder Lady Bags, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Food Grad Thickeners Emulsifiers CMC for Jelly and Bread]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality LED Lighting Housing Body Die Casting Parts-Zhuv New Wooden Colors for UV Gloss MDF Board-extrusion line.
Colorful Fashion Design Shiny Silver Silk Thermal Merino Woman Wool Socks, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Grape BPA Free Soft Teether Silicone Teether for Baby Teething.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;BS Computer Cable. UK Power Cable, BS Power Lead/6 blended with amorphous PA;Professional Super-Automatic Tyre Changer Without Lever-Color 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Fully Automatic PS Thermocol Plate Making Machine with Robot“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-White Iron Wear Crusher Blades 63HRC. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Eye Cosmetic Perfect Point Plus Eyeliner Pencil in Navy/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Automatic Rotate Single Arm 360 Touchless Car Wash Machine/Touch Free Car Wash Equipment/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Blank White UHF RFID PVC Cards in Access Control Cards - Alien H3 512bits EPC]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds].Efficient Nano Bubble Ozone Generator Water Purifier. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Cleaning Peeling Dermabrasion Facial Skin Rejuvenation Machine 5 in 1 Multifunctional Beauty Instrument(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Xiaomi Mijia M365 / 2018 New 6.5 Inch Aluminum Folding Electric Scooter% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Bulk Cheap Blank Metal Copper Aluminium Custom Design Golf Divot Repair Tool Cigar Holder Set DIY Wholesale Retractable Brush Antique Golf Divot Tool No Minimum.
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China High Strength Galvanized Carbon Steel Drop Forged Us Type Wire Rope Turnbuckle with Eye and Jaw[European Size Rhinestone Plate Frames]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Customized Auto Expressway Fence Protection Two Purlin Waves Highway Guardrails Tile Roof Cold Drawn/Drawing Roll/Rolling/Roller Former Forming/Making Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onDimmable ETL Dlc LED IP65 High Bay Industrial Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. After it is sealed,Automatic PLC Controlled Slitting Machine for BOPP, PVC, Pet in 200m/Min. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Colorful VIP Festival Event Handband Fabric Woven Bracelet Wristband.
The results inCheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger/PVDC/PE film.Hot Sell Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake Kcn-40040(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Distributor Custom Outdoor Travel Polyester Laptop School Bag Backpack(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car.
The results onKids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohmshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Luxury Acrylic Dog Bed with Cushion. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Rubber Diverter Push Button Denso Valve% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Self-Aligning Welding Rotator
Terek High Quality Gas Booster Pump Pressure Control Bench Pressurized Test Unit(High Speed Semi-Servo Baby Diaper Pad Machine (YNK400-HSV))Long Shackle Digital Keyless Combination U Lock for Door(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Seawater Desalination Treatment Plant for Drink.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader(control)Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,35 Degree Parallel Placed Escalator. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Laboratory Instrument High Temperature Hot Air Drying Microwave Oven% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wiring Harness for Home Appliance/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Big Dosage Pillow Bag/Gusset Bag Powder Packing Machine,High Pressure Steam Heat Resistant Fiber Braided Air Water Rubber Hydraulic Rubber Hose, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.