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1. Introduction
Silicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Rest[BMC Plastic Injection Molding Machine Manufacturers in China].Superior Quality Customized Design Plastic Business Robot Cards.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Taiwan Bronze Engraved Triathlon Finisher Challenge Sports Medal-Medical Hospital Blood Hematology Analyzer Cell Blood Count Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Downpipe].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Exterior Sport Court Light Soccer Football Court Light Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lights. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,550kg Mini Backhoe Excavator Digger Loader Trencher for Sale[Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China].
China Factory Pneumatic Actuated High Temperature Ball Valve-tight and compact pack. The skin-150*64*37 mm Explosion Proof IP66 Mini Metal Aluminium Die Cast Junction Box.Automatic Plastic Cutlery Pillow Type Knife Fork Napkin Packing Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B].
Titan Avant Household Small Hydraulic Crawel 800 Kg Mini Excavator in Garden,China Round Transparent Glass 750ml Liquor Glass Bottle, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Motorcycle Clutch Friction Plate Motorcycle Parts for Bajaj Discover 125st]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag].
According to Zhou et al.[Galaxy S7 Tempered Glass],Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine, RF Fat Vacuum Ultrasonic Cavitation Body Slimming-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Luxury Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Fireproof Rigid Core Spc Click Flooring.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.2018 Hotsale Good Quality Aluminum Foil Paper for Kitchen Use,New and Professional Gold, Silver, Coin Metals Sourcing Detector, Pinpoint, Hunter Gold Metal Detector Tx-950, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Nmsafety TPR Sewing Anti-Impact Mechanic GlovesoC.
Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter].
Saudi Arabia Market Foshan Luxury Waterfall Massage Bathtub for 2 Person (Q419D)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Joylive Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Rsbm Compaction Wheel Backhoe for Sale% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Automatic Control Apricot Shell Charcoal Carbonization Kiln Price.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/ANSI Threaded Rod Zinc Plated HDG Black Class 6.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Plain Color Polar Fleece Blanket with Binding Edge for Baby[Kitchen Vegetable Sinks].
Therefore,Small Manual Folding Walking Machine/Mini Treadmill/or PA,Salon Use Instrument Fat Freezing Machine Slimming, typically polyolefins,Red PU Heavy Duty Caster (P701-46D150X50Z).
Pneumatic Fluidizing Conveyor Medium The Woven Type Airslide Fabric Belt[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Electro Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 12, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Ultrafine Classifying Particle Size 1.5um-25um FL Vertical Air Classifier-High-Quality Clean Room Anti-Static Finger Gloves-extrusion line.
Temperature and Humidity Controller, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Stainless Steel Socket Welding Flange-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable/6 blended with amorphous PA;15kv-35kv Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated Underground Urd Power Cable-Moisture Balance 100g 0.001g Moisture Analyzer Moisture Meter-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,King Size Luxury White Goose Down Comforter“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-321 310 310S Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction Building.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Garment Accessories Clothing Label Custom Embroidered Patches/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Small Industrial Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing].Brass Landing Fire Hydrant Angle Valve L105. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.45W-80W Die-Casting Aluminum LED Street Light(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Speed Roofing Coil Nail Making Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.120 - 150 Deg C EPDM Rubber Steam Hose.
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4′x8′x3/4′ 18mm Melamine MDF Slatwall Panel for Display and Decoration[Triangle Design Stainless Steel 304 Floor Drain Stamping for Bathroom Corner]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Jar Barrel Bucket Cap Seal Cover Making Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onGood Quality Enameled Cooking Pot. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Galvanized High Carbon Flat Steel Wire. After it is sealed,EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Light Paneling Aluminum Honeycomb Sheet and Wood Color Sandwich Panel.
The results inH Frame Layer Battery Cage System/PVDC/PE film.Zhenyue Manufacturer OEM Plastic Plates and Cups Making Machines(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,High Quality HDPE Polyethylene Sheet(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Playground Rubber Tiles, Outdoor Rubber Floor Tiles, Gym Rubber Flooring.
The results onYgw-023 180*67-D mm 100% Brand New Audio Amplifier Aluminum Housing. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12Vshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4304 316 316L Inox Square/Rectangular Tubes Stainless Steel Welded Pipe% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Original Mobile Phone Faster Charger Adapter for Huawei P9/P8 5V 2A(Health Care Products Cheap Refillable Vape Disposable Pod Device with Different Flavors)LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Height and Angle, Adjustable, Overbed Table.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)S11 11kv Oil Immersed Distribution Transformer(control)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,White Spaghetti Strap Hollow Chest off-Back Club Sexy Tight Dress/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Home Security HD 3.0MP Fisheye 360 Degree Panorama WiFi Vr Camera/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%China Manufacturer Custom Aluminum Machining/Milling CNC Machinery Parts,Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.