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1. Introduction
Telescopic Truck Mounted Crane Straight Arm[Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors].Auto Plastic Spare Parts Car Custom of Injection Molding Machine.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Industrial LED Spotlight 100 Watt Outdoor LED Flood Light-Price Outdoor Housing Waterproof IP65 60W Smart Motion Sensor All in One Solar LED Street Light with Battery, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Granules Recycling Machine].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Children Insulated Thermal Shoulder Lunch Cooler Picnic Bag. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,China Factory Custom Children Book Printing Full Color Professional Book Printing Service[Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food].
High Speed Semi-Servo Baby Diaper Pad Machine (YNK400-HSV)-tight and compact pack. The skin-New Agricultural Machines Farm Tractor Equipment for Sale Price List.6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RS, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making].
Polyurethane Foam Strip Press Machine,C7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge].
According to Zhou et al.[Zinc Sulfide Material Zns Granules for Optical Coating],Pet/PA/PBT/PP Monofilament Filament Fiber Bristle Hair Drawing Machine for Sweeper/Besom/Hand Broom/Rope /Synthetic Hair Fiber/Brush/Net-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Best Offer on Sale Auto Key Practice Locks Locksmith Tool,Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.2PC Ball Valve with ISO5211 CF8oC.
China Manufacture Fiber Laser Marking System for Instrument (SFM20/SFM30)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Washami Manufacturer OEM Brands Teeth Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB].
0.965nt Bronze Coated Bead Wire(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hook & Loop Magic Tape. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap].
According to McKeen[ Steel Gasoline Chainsaw Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Different Color Stamping Parts with Painting/Anodizing/Plating% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Chuke Fiber Laser Spare Parts Marking Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Vintage Beverage Cooler Ice Box Tin Lunch Box 8 Gallon Red Metal Coke.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Cordless Intelligent Cleaner Over 15 Years PCB Rigid Board Manufacturers[High Precision Mechanical (carbonsand) Filter].
Therefore,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall/or PA,EPS Sandwich Board for Indoor Partitions, typically polyolefins,Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700.
Surgical Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)[Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Quality Folding Pipe Stand].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Natural Green Looking Artificial Turf Soccer Carpet (STO), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Resistance Silicone Rubber Heater Heating Mat, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Medical Hospital Child Adult Blood Pressure NIBP Cuff with Single Tube-Design Custom Heat Press Vintage Car Iron on Towel Security Sewing Patches Embroidered Bjj Gi Dropshipping Metalic Rhinestone Adhesive Embroidered Badge Patch-extrusion line.
Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Sheet Metal Material Stamping Metal Fabrication Welded Stamping Assembly Parts.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Qt40-1 Simple Manual Brick Making Machine Line-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;China Manufactory Ghrp-2 CAS 158861-67-7 Ghrp-2 Acetate Free Shipping and Safe Shipping Guaranteed/6 blended with amorphous PA;1m Walk-Behind Concrete Power Trowel Machine with Honda Gx160-Manufacturer Custom Printed Plastic Rice Feed Flour Packaging Bag-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,6m 40W LED Wind/Solar Hybrid Street Light (SHJ-WS0640)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Coal Mines Permanent Refuge Chamber for Miner′s Safety. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Highly Popular Pop Top Pharmacy Vial Plastic Bottle.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Promotional UV400 Plastic Sunglasses/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Dread Lock Sponge/Magic Twists Hair Sponge Brush/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Recycled Raw Paper Waste/ Making Paper Plate/ Egg Tray Machine Factory Price]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Corrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine].Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Customized Hightened 4m Long Mobile Snack Trailer with Ce% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Custom Printing Aluminum Foil Plastic Laminated Packing Film Rolls.
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Water Jet Pump Elbow; 1/4 87kpsi Waterjet Intensifier Parts[Hot Dipped Galvanized Angle Steel Made in China]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Faux Fur PV Plush Softextile Fabric Production Line Plush Blanket for Winter Mink Fleece Blanket Making Machine Home Textiles Polyester Printed Brushed Blanket.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOutdoor LED Decorative Street Linear Wall Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Hot Sale Environmental Protection Scc730A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. After it is sealed,Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (50t Maize Flour Making Machine for Sale) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Othopedic Instruments for Peld.
The results inCustom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap/PVDC/PE film.Full Range Diameter Plastic PE HDPE Pipeline for Water Supply(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Sarms Andarine S4 Powder Dosage and Cycle Online(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Custom Sport Event Medal Antique Brass.
The results onCorrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Classic High Quality of Women′s Dress Cotton Sock. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Xnye3 Series Energy-Saving Ultra-Efficient Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Surveillance HD720p Security Vehicle CCTV Car DVR(High Quality Rolamento Agulha Needle Roller Bearing HK1512 HK2020 HK2030 Bearing)Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay for Medium and Low Voltage Applications(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)China 250t Slider Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press for Oil cleaner Can(control)Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Brown Polished-Leather Handmade Oxford Shoes% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Temperature & IR Drying Electronic Oven / Furnace/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Decorative Gold Hairline Stainless Steel Sheet 304 201 Grade/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%CL1C-GWTZ099 Comlom Fruit & Tea Infusion Water Pitcher Multifunction Plastic Water Bottle,Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Tire Recycling Grinding Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.