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1. Introduction
Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China[BMC Plastic Injection Molding Machine Manufacturers in China].Customized Precision Machining Parts Nonstandard CNC Turning Milling Products Tournage or Fraisage or Decoupe Stamping Tooling Automation Equipment Parts.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing-Betaine HCl 98%Min Feed Grade, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Rubber Bicycle MTB Tyre Cycle Bike 26X2.125 Tire].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,8 Pin Waterproof Electric Plug Waterproof Male Female Connector. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Crane Type Wb2, 10r, 20r, 659 Teflon Bellows Mechanical Seal[Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China].
Auto Front and Rear Bumper for Corolla 2014 Car Bumper.-tight and compact pack. The skin-Tin Candy Cigarette Pencil Coffee Saffron Music Small Rectangle Tea Round Cookie Tobacco Square Metal Tin Box Production Line Making Machine.Auto Parts Oil Filter Lf670 for Cummins, a contour fit and neat appearance[Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B].
Dnv Classification Society Ship Services Anchor Chain,Factory Round Enamel Cast Iron Casserole, Dia. 23cm Red Color, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Motorcycle Clutch Friction Plate Motorcycle Parts for Bajaj Discover 125st]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag].
According to Zhou et al.[Best Cheap Food Dehydrator],1200mAh Battery Mini Cooling Rechargeable Fan USB Fan-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Waste Water Treatment Plant Paper Mill Industry Belt Press Sludge Dewatering Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.20W, 30W Recessed High Power LED Downlight,Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Silicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon RestoC.
Superior Quality Customized Design Plastic Business Robot Cards/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter].
Taiwan Bronze Engraved Triathlon Finisher Challenge Sports Medal(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Medical Hospital Blood Hematology Analyzer Cell Blood Count Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Exterior Sport Court Light Soccer Football Court Light Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lights% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,550kg Mini Backhoe Excavator Digger Loader Trencher for Sale.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/China Factory Pneumatic Actuated High Temperature Ball Valve.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)150*64*37 mm Explosion Proof IP66 Mini Metal Aluminium Die Cast Junction Box[www.daftonsmt.com].
Therefore,Automatic Plastic Cutlery Pillow Type Knife Fork Napkin Packing Machine/or PA,Titan Avant Household Small Hydraulic Crawel 800 Kg Mini Excavator in Garden, typically polyolefins,China Round Transparent Glass 750ml Liquor Glass Bottle.
Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine, RF Fat Vacuum Ultrasonic Cavitation Body Slimming[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Luxury Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Fireproof Rigid Core Spc Click Flooring, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2018 Hotsale Good Quality Aluminum Foil Paper for Kitchen Use, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,New and Professional Gold, Silver, Coin Metals Sourcing Detector, Pinpoint, Hunter Gold Metal Detector Tx-950-Nmsafety TPR Sewing Anti-Impact Mechanic Gloves-extrusion line.
Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Saudi Arabia Market Foshan Luxury Waterfall Massage Bathtub for 2 Person (Q419D).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Joylive Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Rsbm Compaction Wheel Backhoe for Sale/6 blended with amorphous PA;Automatic Control Apricot Shell Charcoal Carbonization Kiln Price-ANSI Threaded Rod Zinc Plated HDG Black Class 6-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Plain Color Polar Fleece Blanket with Binding Edge for Baby“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Small Manual Folding Walking Machine/Mini Treadmill. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Salon Use Instrument Fat Freezing Machine Slimming.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Red PU Heavy Duty Caster (P701-46D150X50Z)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Pneumatic Fluidizing Conveyor Medium The Woven Type Airslide Fabric Belt/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing].3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Ultrafine Classifying Particle Size 1.5um-25um FL Vertical Air Classifier% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High-Quality Clean Room Anti-Static Finger Gloves.
2.Temperature and Humidity Controller
Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit[Fiberglass Ladder GRP Ladder FRP Ladder]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Stainless Steel Socket Welding Flange.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onGood Quality Enameled Cooking Pot. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
15kv-35kv Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated Underground Urd Power Cable. After it is sealed,Moisture Balance 100g 0.001g Moisture Analyzer Moisture Meter. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,King Size Luxury White Goose Down Comforter.
The results inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function/PVDC/PE film.321 310 310S Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction Building(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Garment Accessories Clothing Label Custom Embroidered Patches(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Small Industrial Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps.
The results onBrass Landing Fire Hydrant Angle Valve L105. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12Vshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Speed Roofing Coil Nail Making Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4120 - 150 Deg C EPDM Rubber Steam Hose% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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4′x8′x3/4′ 18mm Melamine MDF Slatwall Panel for Display and Decoration(Health Care Products Cheap Refillable Vape Disposable Pod Device with Different Flavors)Jar Barrel Bucket Cap Seal Cover Making Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Galvanized High Carbon Flat Steel Wire(control)Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Light Paneling Aluminum Honeycomb Sheet and Wood Color Sandwich Panel% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,H Frame Layer Battery Cage System/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Playground Rubber Tiles, Outdoor Rubber Floor Tiles, Gym Rubber Flooring,Ygw-023 180*67-D mm 100% Brand New Audio Amplifier Aluminum Housing, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.