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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Newest 5.5Octa-Core Android4.4 Smart Phone with /WiFi/3G/GPS (K556)-Factory OEM Brand Name Bulk Laundry Detergent Powder, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Ms Pipe].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Jacquard PU Coated 100% Polyester Oxford 600d Ripstop Fabric for Making Backpack Trolley Covers. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Electromagnetic Lifter for Steel Scrap[Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700].
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High Performence Copper Tube Aluminum Fin Self-Contained Condenser Coil,30W Fiber Laser Date Printer for Plastic Bottle Flying Marking Machine on Line, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Flat Thread Rolling Die].
According to Zhou et al.[PARA Toluene Sulfonic Acid Mother Liquor],Dhg-9420A Electric Heating Blast Hot Air Drying Oven in Lab Instruments-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Inflatable Car Painting Tent Mobile Detailing Tent.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Price Durable Waterproof Canvas (Tent, truck cover, tote bag),Stackable Ceramic Coffee Mug Set in Metal Rack, Stoneware Cup with Personalized Decal, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.En10210 Hot Finished Shs of 500X500mm 600X600mmoC.
FRP Models FRP Crafts FRP Products/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine].
Damage Recovery Pharmaceutical Peptides Chemical Medicine Tb-500(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)China Supplier Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 Trailer Head Tractor Truck. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper].
According to McKeen[35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Professional Manufacture P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display Billboard% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,210L Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen Cylinder Storage Dewar Tank Dewar for Sale.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Good Quality Customized Sand Casting Parts, Ductile Iron Casting.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hexarelin 2mg Examorelin CAS 140703-51-1 for Anti Aging[Agriculture Rock Wool].
Therefore,for Sony Xperia Xa LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly with F3111 F3113 F3115 Replacement for 5.0 Sony Xa LCD/or PA,Popular Printed USA Athletic Plain Crew Socks Girls Wearing Promotional Thermal Warm, typically polyolefins,Disposable Fast Food Paper Hamburger Box.
Wholesale Good Quality 6mm 8mm 10mm Natural Paper Straws[Private Label Activates Cellular Regeneration Emulsion Beauty Skin Care]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Dr Double Flange Reinforced Steel Cable Bobbin, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Visibility Red Safety Cheap Cargo Work Pants-Automatic Food, Medicine, Face Mask, Cake, Busicuit, Glove, Hotel Supplies Flow Wrap Pillow Type Packing Machine-extrusion line.
UPVC Domestic Sewage and Rainwater Drainage Pipe UPVC Pipe Price, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/9, 000cph Strawberry Juice Canning and Seaming Production Line.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Bright Anodized Aluminium Pipe, Various Surface Treatment Aluminium Tube (JC-P-50172)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture/6 blended with amorphous PA;Collapsible Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straw Telescopic Straw with Case Brush-Shopping Carrier Packaging Paper Bag-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Professional Custom Fashion Metal Soft Enamel Badge for Individual Gift“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-150W Remote Control Outdoor Security Garden LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Lawn Landscape. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Strong Reclining Hydraulic Barber Chair for Sale.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Chemical Reactor with Agitator Mixing Tank Reaction Kettle/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,IPL Shr Elight RF ND YAG Laser Ultrasound Cavitation Vacuum 3 in 1 Hair Removal Wrinkle Removal Beauty Salon Equipment IPL Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Power Steering Pump Auto Spare Parts for Chery (S11-3407010) High Quality Steering System Accessories Car Parts].Construction Machinery 4.0 T Wheel Loader (excavator partner) with Ce, Rops&Fops Cabin. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Bar Home Ice Maker Machine with Working Table% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.St Fiber Optic Adaptors.
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Flexible Arm 1000mm M3-M12 Pneumatic Tapping Machine, Electric Tapping Drilling Machine[Specially Designed Bio White Whitening Capsules Private Label Serum Hyaluronic Acid]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Home Used Portable Fencing Aluminium Swimming Pool Safety Fence.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
720p Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS CCTV CMOS Camera Module. After it is sealed,Sany Hg3333m Climbing Placing Boom. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Diamond Cutting Tools/Carbide Turning Inserts for CNC Machine Lathe Tool) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors.
The results inCustom Printing 3X6 Aluminum Canopy Tent Gazebo Folding Tents with 600d Oxford Fabric Canopy/PVDC/PE film.Vacuum Acrylic Round Shape in Store LED Custom Letter Light Box(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Swing Top 250ml 500ml 1000ml Clear Round Shape Glass Bottle for Wine.
The results onDouble Wall Tandem Square Rod Soft Closing Metal Drawer Box (TD601). These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inRestore Skin and Improve Elasticity Yeast Beta Glucan Powdershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4CNC Automatic Wire Cutting Machine Spring Forming Machine High Precision% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Golf Vehicles 4+2 Seater Electric Golf Cars (DG-C4+2)(Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks)100% Virgin PP Material Folding Storage Box Fruit Crate Collapsible Cheapest Price Plastic Boxes(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163)(control)Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Full Automatic Hydraulic Motor Drive CZ Purlin Roll Forming Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Panama Market Hot Sale Waterproof Fruit Cover Guava Growing Bag% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,100% Waterproof Wood Grain Rigid Core Vinyl Spc Floor/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Hot Selling Fast Delivery Support Multi-Language Persian TV Box to Watch Free TV,28t Landing Gear, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.