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1. Introduction
White Spaghetti Strap Hollow Chest off-Back Club Sexy Tight Dress[Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors].Home Security HD 3.0MP Fisheye 360 Degree Panorama WiFi Vr Camera.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Wholesale Luxury Die Cut Cardboard Printed Swing Tag Hang Tags-China Manufacturer Custom Aluminum Machining/Milling CNC Machinery Parts, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Manufacturer Produce High Temperature Plastic Check Valve Ov40].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Engine Starter Motor for Honda Cr-V 2.4L L4 2002-06 (Lester17844)[Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food].
Servo Control Incontinence Diaper Machine with Ce (CNK300-SV)-tight and compact pack. The skin-Stainless Steel with Grip Ring TPR Wheel Medium Duty Caster.High Quality 1.5 Inch 7mm 1 Galvanized Steel 1 Gi Pipe Price From China, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making].
Cheap Booklet Brochure Leaflet Flyer Book Catalog Printing,Car Parts Clutch Master Cylinder for Navara 30610-Eb300, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge].
According to Zhou et al.[CNC Brass Parts Manufacturing Nickel Plated Finish Brass Machining Part],Seamless Steel Tubes for Auto Parts-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Steel Structure Roofing for Parking,Garment/ Handbag Metal Hareware Sheet Metal Zipper Puller Zipper Slider, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.FRP Profile Made in ChinaoC.
Flat Face Stainless Steel Female Jic Quick Release Coupling/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Washami Manufacturer OEM Brands Teeth Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB].
XCMG 2018 New 1.3t/1.6t/1.8t/2t 3-Wheel Electric Forklift Truck for Sale(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Orange Car Seat Pocket PU Leather Car Console Side Organizer. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap].
According to McKeen[ Steel Gasoline Chainsaw Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Design Company Custom ABS Plastic Concrete Injection Mold Molding Molds Housing for Electronic Devices% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Automatic Hermetic Sealing Door (HD01).04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Wood Planer Knives for Cutting Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Quality Ladies Bag Fashionable Clutch Designers Leather Handbag[Cream Jar Glass].
Therefore,Hoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale/or PA,Vacuum Suction Box with Fourdrinier Part Equipment, typically polyolefins,Plastic Blow Molding Moulding Making Machines Pet Bottle Oil Water Tank Can Made in China Pure Mineral Beverage Blowing Machine Price Machinery 3 to 5gallon.
Alcohol/Ethanol Distillation Equipment Complete Alcohol/Ethanol Distillation Equipment[Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Quality Folding Pipe Stand].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Heavy Duty Hand Brake Winch with Stainless Steel, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High Quality 29424 Spherical Roller Thrust Bearings, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal-Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Pure Natural Seaweed Extract Liquid Fertilizer with Alginic Acid, Mannitol, Mineral Elements-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Ozone Water Treatment Plant/6 blended with amorphous PA;Outdoor Exercise 1 2inch Kids Balance Bike with Ce/Children Cheap 2 in 1 Balance Bike Pedal Bicycle/2 Wheels Kids-4 Persons Small Size Home Lift Villa Passenger Elevator Without Machine Room-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Diesel Hydraulic Splitting Tool Concrete Breaker Rock Splitting Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Recycled Raw Paper Waste/ Making Paper Plate/ Egg Tray Machine Factory Price]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Corrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine].2000kn with Hydraulic Clamping/Jaws/Grips Hydraulic Servo Tensile/Tension/Pull Test Equipment/ Instrument/Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Hard Paper Card with Folding Edge Plastic Clamshell Blister% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Newest 5.5Octa-Core Android4.4 Smart Phone with /WiFi/3G/GPS (K556).
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Jacquard PU Coated 100% Polyester Oxford 600d Ripstop Fabric for Making Backpack Trolley Covers[Practice Golf Net]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Electromagnetic Lifter for Steel Scrap.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOutdoor LED Decorative Street Linear Wall Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Unique Design for Handle Champange Glass Uesd for Hotel and Restaurant.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
F60836 16-19inch Car Alloy Wheel Rims; Replica Wheels for Mercedes Benz. After it is sealed,Solar System PV Energy Mounting Structure for Solar Panel Installation. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (50t Maize Flour Making Machine for Sale) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Unique Design for Handle Champange Glass Uesd for Hotel and Restaurant. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Performence Copper Tube Aluminum Fin Self-Contained Condenser Coil.
The results in30W Fiber Laser Date Printer for Plastic Bottle Flying Marking Machine on Line/PVDC/PE film.Dhg-9420A Electric Heating Blast Hot Air Drying Oven in Lab Instruments(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Inflatable Car Painting Tent Mobile Detailing Tent(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Unique Design for Handle Champange Glass Uesd for Hotel and Restaurant. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Factory Price Durable Waterproof Canvas (Tent, truck cover, tote bag).
The results onStackable Ceramic Coffee Mug Set in Metal Rack, Stoneware Cup with Personalized Decal. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Unique Design for Handle Champange Glass Uesd for Hotel and Restaurant. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,FRP Models FRP Crafts FRP Products. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Damage Recovery Pharmaceutical Peptides Chemical Medicine Tb-500% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Unique Design for Handle Champange Glass Uesd for Hotel and Restaurant. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Professional Manufacture P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display Billboard(High Quality Rolamento Agulha Needle Roller Bearing HK1512 HK2020 HK2030 Bearing)210L Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen Cylinder Storage Dewar Tank Dewar for Sale(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Good Quality Customized Sand Casting Parts, Ductile Iron Casting.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hexarelin 2mg Examorelin CAS 140703-51-1 for Anti Aging(control)Unique Design for Handle Champange Glass Uesd for Hotel and Restaurant. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,for Sony Xperia Xa LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly with F3111 F3113 F3115 Replacement for 5.0 Sony Xa LCD. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Popular Printed USA Athletic Plain Crew Socks Girls Wearing Promotional Thermal Warm% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Disposable Fast Food Paper Hamburger Box/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Wholesale Good Quality 6mm 8mm 10mm Natural Paper Straws/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding,High Visibility Red Safety Cheap Cargo Work Pants, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.