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1. Introduction
Apple Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine[Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist].Chopped Spraying Machine or Equipment.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,2 Inch Full Plastic Diaphragm Pump-Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Glass Movable Partition Wall].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,China Prefab Steel Building for Garment Factory. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Klt-30 Dust Suppression Spray Cannon 30m Distance[3-Phase 96*96mm LCD Display Digital Multifunction Energy Meter].
Auto Feeding Mould Thermoformed Sheet Punch Die Cutting Machine-tight and compact pack. The skin-Wholesale White Color PE/ EVA 3D Foam Wallpaper Manufacturer.High Quality LED Anti-Fog Mirror, a contour fit and neat appearance[Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom].
Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350,Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[A1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil Roll]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Auto Feeding Mould Thermoformed Sheet Punch Die Cutting Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Eyeshadow Rigid Paper Box Cosmetic Packing Box Drawer Box],Different Type Screw Water Chiller for Different Cooling Condition-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Commercial Fitness Equipment, Gym Equipment, Weightlifting Machine, Hammer Strength.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Solarkeymark, CE Solar Thermal Water Heating Systems,Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Environmental Tester CCT Salt Fog Spray Cyclic Corrosion Test CabinetsoC.
Waterproof WPC Celuca Foam Board WPC Wall Panel WPC Board/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Fast Construction Prefab Light Steel Structure Metal Frame Warehouse Building].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Promotional Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest (EP-M1030)].
Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Matte Printing Personalized Custom Paper Soap Box Packaging. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Thin Nozzle Tube for Piston Cooling Cylinder Chamber].
According to McKeen[China Factory Supplied High Strength Stud Link Anchor Chain]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Double Pots Distiller with 6 Plates Copper Column / Two Pot Style Distillation Equipment for Sale.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/PA600-1200 Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval[Ch Ultra Diamond Saw Blades].
Therefore,High Speed High 3 Axis CNC Vertical Machining Center (Vmc650L)/or PA,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, typically polyolefins,Hot Sale Army Sportsman Bucket Cap Fishing Hats (SYSG-201835).
4000W Split DC Air Conditioner 48V with Indoor Outdoor Parts[Glow Pigment for Painting]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ Industry].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,18mm Bleached Bleaching Poplar Plywood for Furniture, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Egg Tray /Carton /Box/ Making Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Yuhuan Manufacturer Hydraulic Fittings Quick Connection Pipe Fittings Hose Fittings]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Speed Weaving Machine 24*1-Ozone Generator and UV Sterilizer for Water Treatment System-extrusion line.
China-Made High Quality Baby Wipes Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Multiple Flexible LCD Screen Flexible PCB, FPC for LED.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) with 68% Purity for Sequestrant-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wholesale 925 Sterling Silver Queen Crown Engagement Ring with Zircon for Women-Fully Automatic PE Film Hot/Heat Shrink/Shrinking Tube Sealer/Sealing and Packing/Packaging/Wrapping/Wrap/ Package Machine (APSS-5022)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Telescopic Truck Mounted Crane Straight Arm“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Auto Plastic Spare Parts Car Custom of Injection Molding Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Industrial LED Spotlight 100 Watt Outdoor LED Flood Light.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Price Outdoor Housing Waterproof IP65 60W Smart Motion Sensor All in One Solar LED Street Light with Battery/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Children Insulated Thermal Shoulder Lunch Cooler Picnic Bag/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ Pet in 200m/Min]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Premium Gift Complete Stainless Steel 6-Piece Cheese Knife Set].China Factory Custom Children Book Printing Full Color Professional Book Printing Service. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Fabrication Automation Engineering Design CNC Precision Machining Aluminum Parts]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New Agricultural Machines Farm Tractor Equipment for Sale Price List% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RS.
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C7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series[2018 New Design 925 Silver Ring with CZ Stones Silver Ladies Ring]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Pet/PA/PBT/PP Monofilament Filament Fiber Bristle Hair Drawing Machine for Sweeper/Besom/Hand Broom/Rope /Synthetic Hair Fiber/Brush/Net.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Best Offer on Sale Auto Key Practice Locks Locksmith Tool. After it is sealed,Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (92% Alumina Ceramic Square Tile with Size 20X20X4mm) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,2PC Ball Valve with ISO5211 CF8.
The results inChina Manufacture Fiber Laser Marking System for Instrument (SFM20/SFM30)/PVDC/PE film.0.965nt Bronze Coated Bead Wire(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Hook & Loop Magic Tape(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Different Color Stamping Parts with Painting/Anodizing/Plating.
The results onChuke Fiber Laser Spare Parts Marking Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RSshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Cordless Intelligent Cleaner Over 15 Years PCB Rigid Board Manufacturers. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700(Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine)Surgical Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Natural Green Looking Artificial Turf Soccer Carpet (STO).
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Resistance Silicone Rubber Heater Heating Mat(control)China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Medical Hospital Child Adult Blood Pressure NIBP Cuff with Single Tube. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Design Custom Heat Press Vintage Car Iron on Towel Security Sewing Patches Embroidered Bjj Gi Dropshipping Metalic Rhinestone Adhesive Embroidered Badge Patch% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Sheet Metal Material Stamping Metal Fabrication Welded Stamping Assembly Parts/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%China Manufactory Ghrp-2 CAS 158861-67-7 Ghrp-2 Acetate Free Shipping and Safe Shipping Guaranteed,1m Walk-Behind Concrete Power Trowel Machine with Honda Gx160, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.