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1. Introduction
Bright Anodized Aluminium Pipe, Various Surface Treatment Aluminium Tube (JC-P-50172)[Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures].3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Collapsible Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straw Telescopic Straw with Case Brush-Shopping Carrier Packaging Paper Bag, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Hammock Chair Swing Seat Porch Patio Yard Camping Hanging Lounge Chair].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Professional Custom Fashion Metal Soft Enamel Badge for Individual Gift. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,150W Remote Control Outdoor Security Garden LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Lawn Landscape[Sequins Butterfly Handmade Beads Embroidery Patch].
Strong Reclining Hydraulic Barber Chair for Sale-tight and compact pack. The skin-Chemical Reactor with Agitator Mixing Tank Reaction Kettle.IPL Shr Elight RF ND YAG Laser Ultrasound Cavitation Vacuum 3 in 1 Hair Removal Wrinkle Removal Beauty Salon Equipment IPL Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Large Foldable Collapsible Plastic Industry Pallet Container].
Construction Machinery 4.0 T Wheel Loader (excavator partner) with Ce, Rops&Fops Cabin,Promotional Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest (EP-M1030), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Quality HDPE Polyethylene Sheet]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Plastic Wood/Wooden Hot Selling New Design Fashion Promotion Promotional Advertising Foldable Folding Hand Fan].
According to Zhou et al.[Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl],Bar Home Ice Maker Machine with Working Table-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)St Fiber Optic Adaptors.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.DIN 1480 Ce Galv Steel Cable Turnbuckles,Flexible Arm 1000mm M3-M12 Pneumatic Tapping Machine, Electric Tapping Drilling Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Home Used Portable Fencing Aluminium Swimming Pool Safety FenceoC.
Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Factory OEM Brand Name Bulk Laundry Detergent Powder].
720p Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS CCTV CMOS Camera Module(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Sany Hg3333m Climbing Placing Boom. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Carbon Stick Welding Electrodes E6013&E7018 Stone Bridge Brand].
According to McKeen[Full Range Diameter Plastic PE HDPE Pipeline for Water Supply]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Custom Printing 3X6 Aluminum Canopy Tent Gazebo Folding Tents with 600d Oxford Fabric Canopy.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Vacuum Acrylic Round Shape in Store LED Custom Letter Light Box.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs[Chipboard Melamine Office Furniture].
Therefore,Swing Top 250ml 500ml 1000ml Clear Round Shape Glass Bottle for Wine/or PA,Double Wall Tandem Square Rod Soft Closing Metal Drawer Box (TD601), typically polyolefins,3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer.
Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings[Bulk Cheap Blank Metal Copper Aluminium Custom Design Golf Divot Repair Tool Cigar Holder Set DIY Wholesale Retractable Brush Antique Golf Divot Tool No Minimum]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Open Two Roll Rubber Mixing Mill for Rubber Compound].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,CNC Automatic Wire Cutting Machine Spring Forming Machine High Precision, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Q195 Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Tube Galvanized Metal EMT Pipe, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Ferric Chloride 96~98% for Water Treatment]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Golf Vehicles 4+2 Seater Electric Golf Cars (DG-C4+2)-100% Virgin PP Material Folding Storage Box Fruit Crate Collapsible Cheapest Price Plastic Boxes-extrusion line.
Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Full Automatic Hydraulic Motor Drive CZ Purlin Roll Forming Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Panama Market Hot Sale Waterproof Fruit Cover Guava Growing Bag/6 blended with amorphous PA;100% Waterproof Wood Grain Rigid Core Vinyl Spc Floor-Hottest Ce Approval LED Photon Therapy Medical Removable for Skin Rejuvenation Black Spots Removal Beauty Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Fbwd-800 Micro Single Recorder HD Wide-Angle Night-Vision 170 Ultra-Thin Parking-Monitoring“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Hot Selling Fast Delivery Support Multi-Language Persian TV Box to Watch Free TV. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-28t Landing Gear.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Heated Lunch Box/ Food Insulation Plastic Box/Heat Preservation Plastic Box/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Black 6.35mm Mono Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Methallyl Alcohol Ether]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080].Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Kids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Muiltple Shape Silicone Lace Coating Machine (LX-ST03)% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine.
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Double-Sided High Quality 100% Silk Eye Mask Comfortable Patch Princess Lace Sleep Mask Custom Logo[Circuit Pcb Boards]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onC7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure. After it is sealed,Precision Prototype Motorcycle Plastic Injection Cushion Mold Making. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (China 250t Slider Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press for Oil cleaner Can) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,12inch 15W Solar Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Battery System (SN2013014).
The results inPlastic Window Screen Pass with SGS and Ce/PVDC/PE film.Sport Scarf Custom High Quality Woven Football Fan Scarf Soccer(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Women Customized Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Clothes (19-335)(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Chinese Suppliers Folding Automatic Tissue Napkin Paper Making Machine.
The results onPVC/CPVC Pressure Pipe with Competitive Price. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inUsed Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loadershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Tooth Whitening Cleaning Fluoride Free Day Toothpaste Charcoal% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)High Pressure Pipe for Engine(control)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Eco Friendly Rice Stand up Pouch Bag with Window Block Bottom Plastic Bags for Flour. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Top Quality for Cable Shielding Single Sided Insulation Aluminium Foil% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600)/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%P2 P5 LED Display Electrical Control System,China OEM Precision CNC Machining Transmission Shafts for Auto Part, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.