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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Decorative Gold Hairline Stainless Steel Sheet 304 201 Grade-Popular Design Clourful Giant Inflatable Jungle Slide with Platform and Cartoon Animals Game, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Door to Door Ocean Freight From Guangzhou to Melbourne].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,CL1C-GWTZ099 Comlom Fruit & Tea Infusion Water Pitcher Multifunction Plastic Water Bottle. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Tire Recycling Grinding Machine[Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China].
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According to Zhou et al.[Hand Towel Converting Equipment Handkerchief Making Machine],L Bolt Foundation Bolt Shaped L Anchor Bolt Carbon Steel-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)4.3 Inch TFT Car Monitor Rearview Mirror Monitor Auto LCD Screen for Car Reversing Assistance.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Flat Thread Rolling Die,Custom Made High Quality Elastic Sport Knit Headband, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Needle-Punched Fiberglass Filter Felt High Temperature Fiberglass Dust Collector BagsoC.
Rosen 2kw Grid Tied on Grid Solar System to Global Market/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter].
Warehouse Storage Steel Metal Platform Multi-Level Mezzanine Floor Shelving/Book Shelf(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hot Sale Traditional Style Plastic Nicheless PS/Psc Light Wall-Mounted Type Built-in Remote Control Swimming Pool Light. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Motorcycle Clutch Friction Plate Motorcycle Parts for Bajaj Discover 125st% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Wholesale Price of Citalopram Hydrobromide Powder Sample Packing for Test.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Competitve Price Aluminium LED Profile Extrusion with High Quality.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Plastic Crusher or Granulator Plastic Granulator Blade Sharpening[Replacement Kobelco 50HP Air Compressor Air Oil Separator Part Number P-Ce03-572 P-Ce03-587 3221110322 End].
Therefore,2017 Internal Screwed Tungsten Carbide Boring Bar with Cooling Hole/or PA,China Factory Supplied High Strength Stud Link Anchor Chain, typically polyolefins,Customized Permanent Strong Nickel Block Neodymium Magnet.
High Quality Good Price Am/FM Function Car Passive Antenna[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Cheap Good Quality CNC Machining Center Vmc850c/CNC Milling Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Colorful PC Embossed Polycarbonate Diamond Sheet for Building Material, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Environmental Paper Pulp Molded Tray Making Machine-Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer-extrusion line.
Medical Equipment LED Operating Shadowless Lamp (HLED-M7/5), ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Xf-C10 10 Head Weigher (Multihead Weigher).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Bwd Bld3 Cycloidal Reducer Inline Planetary Gearhead Brake Induction Motor Meat Grinder Gearbox-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;TBR Flat Glass Tempering Ceramic Roller Furnace for Windor Glass Door Glass Wall Glass Laminated Glass Insulating Glass/6 blended with amorphous PA;Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dots-Construction & Decoration ERW Square Steel Tube Manufacturer-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,NFC Blank PVC ID Card/PVC Blank Chip Card“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-100 Inch 110inch Projection Screen Electric Motorized Projector Screen. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-37inch Digital Signage Network 3G 4G Android WiFi LCD Advertising Display Monitor.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wevi Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Thermos Easy Ccarry Handle Sports Water Bottle/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Custom Logo Camouflage Upper Buckle Design Sides Sandals for Men/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing].2 Wheel Self Balancing Electric Scooter Shenzhen Hoverboard. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Auto Blower Dynamic Balancing(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design.
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36 Compartments Hard Plastic Transparent Jewelry Storage Box Organizer with Removable Dividers[Steel Machine Parts/ Stainless Steel Forging /Brass Forging Aluminum Forging / Welding Machine Textile Machine Part CNC Machining Valve Part]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Effectively Organic Pesticide for Kill Nematodes/Underground Pests/Fungi.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onGood Quality Enameled Cooking Pot. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist.
The results inSand Casting Gray Iron Aluminum Castings/PVDC/PE film.Custom Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Security IR Night Vision Small Baby Smart Camera Monitor Kids Housing(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor.
The results on60cc Four Stoke Unique Engine Mini ATV for Cheapest Price in The World. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Egg Tart Home Frozen Plastic Packaging Box(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12Vshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 336HP 371HP Prime Mover. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Bicycle Spoke LED Safety Light/Reflectors for 2 Wheels(control)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Lithium Battery Charger for 60V Electric Vehicles Unicycle Scooter. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%350mm 600mm Ce Certificated Fuel Grade UHP Graphite Electrodes for Arc Furnaces% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Metal Wire Square Flower Pot Basket/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Stainless Steel Sanitary Hygienic Open Impeller Centrifugal Pump,Small Automatic Digital Capsule/ Pill Counting Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.