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1. Introduction
Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Pengpu Dozer Fuel Injector for Nt855 Engine (3054218)[Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist].Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Forklift Diesel Particular Filter-Automic Stainless Cable Tie Gun Tools HS-600, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Wood Grain Melamine Saturated Paper].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Diesel or Gas Riello Burner Automotive Spray Bake Paint Booth. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,PVC Latest Heat Shrink Label for Food Package[3-Phase 96*96mm LCD Display Digital Multifunction Energy Meter].
60W Portable Folding Mono Solar Panel-tight and compact pack. The skin-0.3mm White PVC Inkjet Printing Plastic Sheet for ID Cards.Silicone Flexible Cockrings Delay Penis Cock Rings, a contour fit and neat appearance[Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom].
60W 80W 100W 250W Solar LED Street Light Camera Motion Sensor Integrated All in One Solar Street Light with CCTV Cameras,Airport Subway Station Government Hospital School Personal Security Door Frame Archway Walk Through Metal Detector, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[A1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil Roll]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Auto Feeding Mould Thermoformed Sheet Punch Die Cutting Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Super N52 Neodymium Disc Magnets],Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)High Quality A3/A4 Sublimation Paper for T-Shirts Printing.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine,Plastic Sun Glasses for Women with Bows (M10612), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Apple Bubble and High Pressure Washing MachineoC.
Chopped Spraying Machine or Equipment/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Fast Construction Prefab Light Steel Structure Metal Frame Warehouse Building].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Promotional Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest (EP-M1030)].
2 Inch Full Plastic Diaphragm Pump(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Thin Nozzle Tube for Piston Cooling Cylinder Chamber].
According to McKeen[China Factory Supplied High Strength Stud Link Anchor Chain]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.China Prefab Steel Building for Garment Factory% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Klt-30 Dust Suppression Spray Cannon 30m Distance.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Auto Feeding Mould Thermoformed Sheet Punch Die Cutting Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Wholesale White Color PE/ EVA 3D Foam Wallpaper Manufacturer[Greenshoe China OEM Hiking Boots Winter Shoes Men].
Therefore,High Quality LED Anti-Fog Mirror/or PA,Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350, typically polyolefins,Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB.
Different Type Screw Water Chiller for Different Cooling Condition[Glow Pigment for Painting]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ Industry].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Commercial Fitness Equipment, Gym Equipment, Weightlifting Machine, Hammer Strength, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Solarkeymark, CE Solar Thermal Water Heating Systems, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Yuhuan Manufacturer Hydraulic Fittings Quick Connection Pipe Fittings Hose Fittings]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml-Environmental Tester CCT Salt Fog Spray Cyclic Corrosion Test Cabinets-extrusion line.
Waterproof WPC Celuca Foam Board WPC Wall Panel WPC Board, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Matte Printing Personalized Custom Paper Soap Box Packaging-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window/6 blended with amorphous PA;Double Pots Distiller with 6 Plates Copper Column / Two Pot Style Distillation Equipment for Sale-PA600-1200 Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Speed High 3 Axis CNC Vertical Machining Center (Vmc650L). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Sale Army Sportsman Bucket Cap Fishing Hats (SYSG-201835)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,4000W Split DC Air Conditioner 48V with Indoor Outdoor Parts/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ Pet in 200m/Min]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Premium Gift Complete Stainless Steel 6-Piece Cheese Knife Set].18mm Bleached Bleaching Poplar Plywood for Furniture. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Egg Tray /Carton /Box/ Making Machine(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Fabrication Automation Engineering Design CNC Precision Machining Aluminum Parts]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Speed Weaving Machine 24*1% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Ozone Generator and UV Sterilizer for Water Treatment System.
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Multiple Flexible LCD Screen Flexible PCB, FPC for LED[Battery Tester Manufacturers Cheap Price]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) with 68% Purity for Sequestrant.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Wholesale 925 Sterling Silver Queen Crown Engagement Ring with Zircon for Women. After it is sealed,Fully Automatic PE Film Hot/Heat Shrink/Shrinking Tube Sealer/Sealing and Packing/Packaging/Wrapping/Wrap/ Package Machine (APSS-5022). Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (92% Alumina Ceramic Square Tile with Size 20X20X4mm) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Telescopic Truck Mounted Crane Straight Arm.
The results inAuto Plastic Spare Parts Car Custom of Injection Molding Machine/PVDC/PE film.Industrial LED Spotlight 100 Watt Outdoor LED Flood Light(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Price Outdoor Housing Waterproof IP65 60W Smart Motion Sensor All in One Solar LED Street Light with Battery(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Children Insulated Thermal Shoulder Lunch Cooler Picnic Bag.
The results onChina Factory Custom Children Book Printing Full Color Professional Book Printing Service. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.High Speed Semi-Servo Baby Diaper Pad Machine (YNK400-HSV)(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RSshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,New Agricultural Machines Farm Tractor Equipment for Sale Price List. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 46200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RS% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Polyurethane Foam Strip Press Machine
C7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series(Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine)Pet/PA/PBT/PP Monofilament Filament Fiber Bristle Hair Drawing Machine for Sweeper/Besom/Hand Broom/Rope /Synthetic Hair Fiber/Brush/Net(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Best Offer on Sale Auto Key Practice Locks Locksmith Tool(control)OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%2PC Ball Valve with ISO5211 CF8% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,China Manufacture Fiber Laser Marking System for Instrument (SFM20/SFM30)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
0.965nt Bronze Coated Bead Wire/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Different Color Stamping Parts with Painting/Anodizing/Plating,Chuke Fiber Laser Spare Parts Marking Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.