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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Environmental Paper Pulp Molded Tray Making Machine-Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Astm A53 Galvanized Tube].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Medical Equipment LED Operating Shadowless Lamp (HLED-M7/5). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Xf-C10 10 Head Weigher (Multihead Weigher)[High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light].
Bwd Bld3 Cycloidal Reducer Inline Planetary Gearhead Brake Induction Motor Meat Grinder Gearbox-tight and compact pack. The skin-TBR Flat Glass Tempering Ceramic Roller Furnace for Windor Glass Door Glass Wall Glass Laminated Glass Insulating Glass.Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dots, a contour fit and neat appearance[DMX Control Winch LED Kinetic Light DMX LED Lifting Tube].
Construction & Decoration ERW Square Steel Tube Manufacturer,NFC Blank PVC ID Card/PVC Blank Chip Card, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hexarelin 2mg Examorelin CAS 140703-51-1 for Anti Aging]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Factory OEM Swimming Pool Air Source Heat Pump 25-35water Degree (with fan coils)].
According to Zhou et al.[Original Diamond Grade Reflective Sheeting / Reflective Materials / Orange],100 Inch 110inch Projection Screen Electric Motorized Projector Screen-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)37inch Digital Signage Network 3G 4G Android WiFi LCD Advertising Display Monitor.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wevi Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Thermos Easy Ccarry Handle Sports Water Bottle,Custom Logo Camouflage Upper Buckle Design Sides Sandals for Men, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.2 Wheel Self Balancing Electric Scooter Shenzhen HoverboardoC.
Auto Blower Dynamic Balancing/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Brass Hollow Rivet].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink].
Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Latest Design Jewelry Men Ring New Model 925 Silver CZ Ring.].
According to McKeen[100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Microcomputer Program Timer Switch Kg316t% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,36 Compartments Hard Plastic Transparent Jewelry Storage Box Organizer with Removable Dividers.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Effectively Organic Pesticide for Kill Nematodes/Underground Pests/Fungi.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks[ESD Conductive Rubber Sheet Anti-Static Blue Color Workbench Mat].
Therefore,CNC Fiber Laser Metal Sheet Cutting Machine Combination with Laser Metal Tube Cutting Machine/or PA,Wholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printed, typically polyolefins,Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist.
Sand Casting Gray Iron Aluminum Castings[2t@6m Hydraulic Pedestal Crane Folding Boom Crane Telescopic Marine Crane]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Manufacturer Handmade Leather Kid Child Baby Shoes].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Custom Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Security IR Night Vision Small Baby Smart Camera Monitor Kids Housing, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor-60cc Four Stoke Unique Engine Mini ATV for Cheapest Price in The World-extrusion line.
Egg Tart Home Frozen Plastic Packaging Box, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 336HP 371HP Prime Mover.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Laser Cutting Parts De-Slagging Deburring and Chamfering Machines/6 blended with amorphous PA;8006-Lo Modern Style Economic Single Sink Without Mirror Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Vanity-Arc Stand Air Porch Swing Hammock Chair-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Safety Auto Disable Syringe Automatically Retracting“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Bicycle Spoke LED Safety Light/Reflectors for 2 Wheels. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Lithium Battery Charger for 60V Electric Vehicles Unicycle Scooter.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,350mm 600mm Ce Certificated Fuel Grade UHP Graphite Electrodes for Arc Furnaces/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Metal Wire Square Flower Pot Basket/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[200n Tooling Box Cap Gas Lift Strut with Plastic Ball]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory].UL List CAT6A UTP Ethernet Network LAN Cable. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Stainless Steel Sanitary Hygienic Open Impeller Centrifugal Pump% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Small Automatic Digital Capsule/ Pill Counting Machine.
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Supply 304 Coil Tube Manufacturer with Best Quality[Headband Big Headphone EVA Bag Tool Case Specialized Storage Box]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Micro Subminiature Transducer Sensor Mini Compressions Load Cell.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onReusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting. After it is sealed,Offer Prototypes, Recommendations, Technologies and Market Perceptions with Observations of Users to Investigate The Prospective Needs for Mould and Mould Part. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Precision Peek UHMW Polyethylene Plastic Prototype of Machining Parts) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,5pin Circular Push Pull Connector Factory in China FAG Fgg Egg Feg ECG.
The results inMen V-Neck Longline T-Shirt with Color Block Ribbed Trims/PVDC/PE film.High Quality Bulk Price Selank Powder for Bodybuilding(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Vertical Radial Impeller Small Head Irrigation Pump(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting.
The results onHydraulic Metal Hole Digger Punching Machine (CH-80). These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inToilet Roll Tissue Wrapping Machine with Auto - Countingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,New Arrivals Woven RFID Bracelet ID IC Wristband S with Plastic Cards. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Shenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Grade One 8 Shape America Barber Shop Hair Curl Sponge(X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA))Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,PVC Commercial Click Vinyl Flooring.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Excellent Melamine Decorative Paper for Boards/Furniture/Interior Decoration(control)China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Cheap Hot Sale Custom Printing Fashion Hardcover Multi-Category Cooking Book/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Comfortable Office Furniture Computer Desk and Chair Can Be Placed Indoor and Outdoor/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Stainless Steel 304 Watch Band Sfs-Sswb,Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.