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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Silicone Coin Bag Mini Coin Purse Key Wallet Coin-Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic FRP GRP Pultruded Composite Rectangular Hollow Bar for Ladder, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Factory Formwork Accessories Water Barrier/Water Stopper /Water Stop Nut].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Mini Prism in Plastic Housing. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine[Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers / DIN 6797/Toothed Lock Washer].
Fashion Pearl Cat Pendant Fashion 925 Silver Necklace-tight and compact pack. The skin-High Efficiency Continous Working Organic Fertilizer Production Equipment.Hot Sale! ! PP Fibre Micro Polypropylene Concrete Fiber for Engineering, a contour fit and neat appearance[Strong Reclining Hydraulic Barber Chair for Sale].
S355 Hot Rolled Steel Plate Price,New Arrival Virgin Straight Malaysian Human Hair Extensions, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Double Side Aluminum Foil Coated Non-Woven Fabric Roofing/Duct Vapor Barrier/Heat Resistance Insulation].
According to Zhou et al.[www.tswinch.com],Nonwoven Needle Punching Manufacturing Line Making Stiff Nonwoven Insole Sheet-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Farm Tractor Mounted Heavy Duty Disc Harrow for Farm,Roof Building Material Color Coated Steel Coil PPGI, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Good Quality Lunch Box Making Machine From ChinaoC.
Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Cummins Qsm11 Engine Piston Cooling Nozzle 3080708].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Precisely Cutting Textile Lifting Sling Webbings Cutting and Winding Machine].
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Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Medical Equipment LED Operating Shadowless Lamp (HLED-M7/5)].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Digital Painted Tempered Ceramic Frit Silk Screen Printing Glass% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,NPT Male Hydraulic Hose Fitting 15610.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/10kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Steel Tubular Mono Pole Tower.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Blue Silica Gel for Instrument Drying[Football Pen Drive USB 2.0 Flash Memory Stick 8 GB USB Flash Drive U Disk Pendrive].
Therefore,OEM Hardened Teeth Long Gear Shaft Axis/or PA,Factory Custom DIN 934 Stainless Steel Hex Nuts, typically polyolefins,Chain Store Popular Patent Screen Window Mosquito Net.
PE160 High-Speed Dwc Corrugated PE Pipe Extrusion Line Electricity Conduit Pipe Making Machine[En10210 Hot Finished Shs of 500X500mm 600X600mm]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Ceramic Fillers Partition Ring for Rto].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,OEM Design 3D Cartoon Soft PVC Metal Bookmark Paper Clip for Gifts, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Factory Direct Supply Peanut Harvester Machine for Sale, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Arc Stand Air Porch Swing Hammock Chair]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Glass Top Steel Leg Dining Room Table and Chairs Designs-Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Medical Instrument Radio Frequency Bipolar Electrodes-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Anti-Bacterial Commercial Vinyl PVC Hospital Flooring/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar-Open Two Roll Rubber Mixing Mill for Rubber Compound-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,New Design Women Winter Jacket Men Coat Padding Winter Apparel“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-China Plush Wooden Pet Supplier Furniture Toys Cat Scratcher Tree Simple Luxury Indoor Cat Trees.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,New Easy Operation Industrial Conveyor System for Fertilizer Production Line/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,ASTM A53 Gr. B Schedule 40 Mild Steel Pipe/Carbon Steel Pipe/Black Steel Pipes/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Stainless Steel Intelligent Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Union]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[ FPC for LED].USB 3.1 Type-C to HDMI Converter. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Watch PVD Vacuum Ion Deposition Cathode Arc Evaporation Equipment]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hot Selling Table Top Fiber Laser Marking System Marking for Jewelry with Rotary.
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65/74inch Floor Free Standing Totem Kiosk Indoor LED/LCD Advertising Digital Touch Display Screen[Cheap Ce and ISO Certified Disposable Sterile IV Infusion Set for Single Use]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Canada Natural Pastoralism Building Decorative Tiles Mosaic Wood Materials.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onEco-Friendly PVC Foam Board for Advertising. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
H Frame 250 Ton Hydraulic Press Machine Price. After it is sealed,Traffic Signal Directional Arrow Light Solar Mobile Trailer. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Ladies Bag Fashionable Clutch Designers Leather Handbag) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Big Size Wall Mounted First Aid Cabinet with Glass Door.
The results inSingle Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65/PVDC/PE film.Dongguan Manufacture 24K Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle Golden Beauty Bar(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Small Size Deep Groove Ball Bearing, Miniature Ball Bearing (616)(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Lh Ovulation Medical Diagnostic Test Kits.
The results onFufeng Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in Metalshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Large Foldable Collapsible Plastic Industry Pallet Container. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Manufacturer Handmade Leather Kid Child Baby Shoes% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Disposable PP Non-Woven Dry Wash Wipes Machine(High Quality Cycling Rack Home Floor Bike Parking Rack for 4 Bikes)Seamless Stainless Steel Round Tube with Standard A213/A269(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,2018 Eye Dropper Bottle Mini Pet Stretch Blow Molding Machine.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Watch PVD Vacuum Ion Deposition Cathode Arc Evaporation Equipment(control)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Recreation Rotomold Fishing Kayak with Pedals, Ocean Kayak. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Best Price 1.4507/S32550/Alloy 2507 Stainless Steel Pipe% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,20 FT/40FT Best Price Custom ISO Tank Cement Container/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
9s H8 Car Sport Auto LED Head Lamp/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers / DIN 6797/Toothed Lock Washer,Aluminum CNC Machined Part for Health-Care/Fitness equipment, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.