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1. Introduction
Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush[750 Ml Oval Glass Liquor Whiskey Vodka Brandy Bottle for Tequila Distillery Brewery Rum Gin Ferment].304 316 316L Inox Square/Rectangular Tubes Stainless Steel Welded Pipe.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck-Original Mobile Phone Faster Charger Adapter for Huawei P9/P8 5V 2A, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[2019 New CNC Metal Plasma Cutting Machine for Metal Cutting].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Height and Angle, Adjustable, Overbed Table[4 Persons Small Size Home Lift Villa Passenger Elevator Without Machine Room].
S11 11kv Oil Immersed Distribution Transformer-tight and compact pack. The skin-Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456).Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper, a contour fit and neat appearance[18mm Bleached Bleaching Poplar Plywood for Furniture].
White Spaghetti Strap Hollow Chest off-Back Club Sexy Tight Dress,Home Security HD 3.0MP Fisheye 360 Degree Panorama WiFi Vr Camera, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[2.5qt Preseasoned Cast Iron Camping Stockpot Price China Factory].
According to Zhou et al.[Magnetic Relay Switch Latching Relay 200A],Wholesale Luxury Die Cut Cardboard Printed Swing Tag Hang Tags-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Manufacturer Custom Aluminum Machining/Milling CNC Machinery Parts.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom,Engine Starter Motor for Honda Cr-V 2.4L L4 2002-06 (Lester17844), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Servo Control Incontinence Diaper Machine with Ce (CNK300-SV)oC.
Stainless Steel with Grip Ring TPR Wheel Medium Duty Caster/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Copy Paper A4a3 Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Sterile Disposable Blood Transfusion Set with 18g Needle].
High Quality 1.5 Inch 7mm 1 Galvanized Steel 1 Gi Pipe Price From China(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Cheap Booklet Brochure Leaflet Flyer Book Catalog Printing. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Logo Trendy Fashion Ladies Gift Quartz Wrist Watches].
According to McKeen[Galvanized High Carbon Flat Steel Wire]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Car Parts Clutch Master Cylinder for Navara 30610-Eb300% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Seamless Steel Tubes for Auto Parts.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Steel Structure Roofing for Parking[Solar Mosquito Killer Lamp Cou].
Therefore,Garment/ Handbag Metal Hareware Sheet Metal Zipper Puller Zipper Slider/or PA,FRP Profile Made in China, typically polyolefins,Flat Face Stainless Steel Female Jic Quick Release Coupling.
XCMG 2018 New 1.3t/1.6t/1.8t/2t 3-Wheel Electric Forklift Truck for Sale[New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Orange Car Seat Pocket PU Leather Car Console Side Organizer].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Orange Car Seat Pocket PU Leather Car Console Side Organizer, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Design Company Custom ABS Plastic Concrete Injection Mold Molding Molds Housing for Electronic Devices, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rgbwauv 6in1 Pixel Waterproof LED Wall Washer Bar Club Light]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Automatic Hermetic Sealing Door (HD01)-Wood Planer Knives for Cutting Machine-extrusion line.
High Quality Ladies Bag Fashionable Clutch Designers Leather Handbag, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Hoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Vacuum Suction Box with Fourdrinier Part Equipment-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Plastic Blow Molding Moulding Making Machines Pet Bottle Oil Water Tank Can Made in China Pure Mineral Beverage Blowing Machine Price Machinery 3 to 5gallon/6 blended with amorphous PA;Alcohol/Ethanol Distillation Equipment Complete Alcohol/Ethanol Distillation Equipment-Heavy Duty Hand Brake Winch with Stainless Steel-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality 29424 Spherical Roller Thrust Bearings“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,12V 40A Universal Power Auto Relay with Wire Harness Socket/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Plastic Steel Pipe Pulgs Fit Large IDS (YZF-H347)/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dhg-9420A Electric Heating Blast Hot Air Drying Oven in Lab Instruments].Pure Natural Seaweed Extract Liquid Fertilizer with Alginic Acid, Mannitol, Mineral Elements. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Ozone Water Treatment Plant(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[3mm-12mm Digital Printing Glass]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Outdoor Exercise 1 2inch Kids Balance Bike with Ce/Children Cheap 2 in 1 Balance Bike Pedal Bicycle/2 Wheels Kids% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.4 Persons Small Size Home Lift Villa Passenger Elevator Without Machine Room.
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Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller[Famous Brand Xgma 92kw Xg932h 3 Ton Mini Wheel Loader]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStainless Steel/Carbon Steel/ Hexagon Socket Screw (M6). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Diesel Hydraulic Splitting Tool Concrete Breaker Rock Splitting Machine. After it is sealed,2000kn with Hydraulic Clamping/Jaws/Grips Hydraulic Servo Tensile/Tension/Pull Test Equipment/ Instrument/Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (200t Sliding Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press for Making Mixing Pot) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,2018 High Quality Electric Hoverboard 2 Wheel Balance Scooter.
The results inHard Paper Card with Folding Edge Plastic Clamshell Blister/PVDC/PE film.Newest 5.5Octa-Core Android4.4 Smart Phone with /WiFi/3G/GPS (K556)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Factory OEM Brand Name Bulk Laundry Detergent Powder(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Jacquard PU Coated 100% Polyester Oxford 600d Ripstop Fabric for Making Backpack Trolley Covers.
The results onElectromagnetic Lifter for Steel Scrap. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inFabric Upper Men Slippers Hike Sport Boys Sandalsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,F60836 16-19inch Car Alloy Wheel Rims; Replica Wheels for Mercedes Benz. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Solar System PV Energy Mounting Structure for Solar Panel Installation% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.High Performence Copper Tube Aluminum Fin Self-Contained Condenser Coil
30W Fiber Laser Date Printer for Plastic Bottle Flying Marking Machine on Line(XCMG Official Manufacture Tractors Mini Tractor Construction Equipment Bulldozers Construction Machinery Backhoe Wheel Loader Towable Backhoe Site Dumpe)Dhg-9420A Electric Heating Blast Hot Air Drying Oven in Lab Instruments(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Inflatable Car Painting Tent Mobile Detailing Tent.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Factory Price Durable Waterproof Canvas (Tent, truck cover, tote bag)(control)Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Stackable Ceramic Coffee Mug Set in Metal Rack, Stoneware Cup with Personalized Decal. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%En10210 Hot Finished Shs of 500X500mm 600X600mm% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,FRP Models FRP Crafts FRP Products/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Damage Recovery Pharmaceutical Peptides Chemical Medicine Tb-500/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Professional Manufacture P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display Billboard,210L Cryogenic Liquid Nitrogen Cylinder Storage Dewar Tank Dewar for Sale, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.