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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,ABS Medical Treat Cart Hospital ABS Emergency Trolley for Patient-Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China OEM Factory Energy-Saving Commercial Automatic Ice Cube Maker].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,21227349 Commercial Vehicle Brake Disk/Disc[Zhuv New Wooden Colors for UV Gloss MDF Board].
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According to Zhou et al.[Heat Resistant/Heat Insulating Teflon Tape],High Tensile Strength Razor Wire Cbt-65-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Middle Borosilicate Glass Tubular Injection Bottle 30ml.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Post Tensioning System Fastener PC Strand Flat Anchorage,Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Ep4t Commercial Single Layer Electric Pizza Oven /Baking Oven for 4X12 PizzaoC.
Plastic Coated Aluminium Mesh Price Expanded Metal Sheet for Decoration/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[LED Filament Bulb G45 Globe Bulb 2W Clear Frosted].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[321 310 310S Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction Building].
6063t5 Anodized Aluminium/Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure with Die Casting Covers(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)4in1 Functional Diamond Dermabrasion Hydra Deep Facial Cleansing Peeling Microdermabrasion Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Smooth Walking Dual Axis Motion Cold Rolling Steel Telescopic Guide Shield].
According to McKeen[Lq Mattress Machine and Foam or Spongevertical Cutting Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Good Future Interior MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Moulded Door.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Vmc650 CNC Machining Center CNC Aluminium Milling Machines[Flexible Shaft Coupling].
Therefore,China Granite Headstone with Flower Engraving/or PA,Factory OEM Swimming Pool Air Source Heat Pump 25-35water Degree (with fan coils), typically polyolefins,Best Quality Children Board Colors Book for Counting.
Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks[Spandex Rose Embroidered Banquet Chair Cap Cover]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Luxury Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Fireproof Rigid Core Spc Click Flooring].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2019new Design Wholesale Good Quality Colorful Makeup Brush PU Zipper Leather Case Makeup Brush Set Storage Barrels, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Hotel Use White Code Lock Safe Box Mini Safe]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,AISI316 AISI304 Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger / Apv Gea Replacement Parts-Customized 26AWG Wire Neon Indicator/LED Lamp with High Quality-extrusion line.
S60h Bosch Type Nozzle Tester, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Police Disposable Nylon66 Handcuff with Two Loop.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
FRP / GRP Corrugated Sheet Making Machine 3 Layers Making Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light-Customized OEM Cheap High Quality Injection Plastic Mould-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Low Price Vertical Pipeline Ore Magnetic Separator for Build Materials/Cement Industry (RCYF-1200)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine Manufacturers and Suppliers. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,OEM Outdoor Baseball Cap with Bottle Opener/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Heat Insulation Materials Metal Stone Coated Roofing Tile for Building/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[CNC Stainless Steel Insert Positioning Screw Number Controller]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Compatible Rmc 555 and Rmc 888 Remote Duplicator].Desktop High Frequency and Precision Glue Dispensing Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[ Guide IR510 Monocular Night Vision Camera]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Ceramic Fillers Partition Ring for Rto, Lessing Ring% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Indoor Hanging Planters Glass Terrarium Decor for Sale.
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3D 5D Special PVC Leather Custom Car Accessory-Fit XPE EVA Car Floor Mats Liner Trunk Mats for Ranger Rover Mazada LC200 Audi[Cast Steel and Cast Iron Knife Gate Valve]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.PVC Panel Ceiling Panel Decoration Wall Panel (normal printing, hot stamping, lamination).5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHottest Ce Approval LED Photon Therapy Medical Removable for Skin Rejuvenation Black Spots Removal Beauty Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
ASTM A106 Gr B ERW Steel Tube. After it is sealed,High Efficient Solar Insecticidal Lamp. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (OEM Design 3D Cartoon Soft PVC Metal Bookmark Paper Clip for Gifts) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Blue LED Car Sign LED Scrolling Adervitising Display Sign.
The results inDisposable RFID Paper Card for Exhibition and Trade Show Ticket/PVDC/PE film.Fashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Eco-Friendly PVC Foam Board for Advertising(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,for Ford Car Replica Alloy Wheel Foad Focus Replica Alloy Wheel Rim.
The results onCustom Waffle Cotton Terry Towel Bathrobe. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2PC Ball Valve with ISO5211 CF8show that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12V. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Custom Logo Trendy Fashion Ladies Gift Quartz Wrist Watches% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Portable Plasma Cut CNC Machine for Cutting Metal/Carbon Steel/Brass/Aluminium(Ozone Generator and UV Sterilizer for Water Treatment System)Aluminium Profile for Casement Windows and Doors(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,XCMG Official Manufacture Tractors Mini Tractor Construction Equipment Bulldozers Construction Machinery Backhoe Wheel Loader Towable Backhoe Site Dumpe.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Zoreya Black Goat Hair High End Makeup Brushes Set Black Private Label Zoreya(control)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Auto Type Vacuum Membrane Press Machine for Door/Wooden Product Coating. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Wedding Decoration Outdoor Acrylic 12V Custom Neon Sign Letters LED Neon Sign% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Customization Carbon/304 316L Stainless Steel/Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
50d Cationic Spandex Stretch Fabric for Garment/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Top Quality 22.5*4 Lace Frontal Natural Straight Human Virgin Hair,Children′s T-Shirts for Boys Tops Tees Toddler Clothing, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.