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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket-Key Lock Switch with 90° Switching, (Key Lock independent), and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Curved Acoustic Barrier High Quality Products].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Warm White G45 4W E27 E14 LED Filament Bulb for Decoration. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Best 3D Printer 2019 Creality Newest Cr-10 V2 Autolevel Bltouch Large Industrial 3D Printer Upgrade From Great Cr-10 3D Drucker[Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China].
PE Coated Anti Corrosion Underground Steel Pipe-tight and compact pack. The skin-Expanded Metal Strainers Metal Mesh Screen.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door, a contour fit and neat appearance[Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B].
Hot Selling Vapor Oil and Gas Recovery Vacuum Pump,Walking Long Distance Surveying Instrument Meter Measuring Wheel, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Motorcycle Clutch Friction Plate Motorcycle Parts for Bajaj Discover 125st]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag].
According to Zhou et al.[Professional Fitness Equipment / Adjustable Abdominal Bench (SS30)],DC 4.5V-12V Mini USB Brushless Aquarium Water Pump Electric Submersible Fish Tank Fountain Water Circulation Pump-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Customized CNC High Precision Turning Stainless Steel Mechanical Parts.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Selling Cosmetic Makeup Matte Lipgloss Matte Liquid Lipstick LED Lighted Lip Gloss with Mirror,Mini Dual-Use Thermal Imaging Camera Portable Rifle Scope Infrared Monocular Night Vision Camera for Hunting, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Industrial 3003 1060 5052 H32 Alloy Thin Aluminum Foil Coil Rolls for SaleoC.
Foam Vertical Cutting Machine (LQ-3L) _/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter].
Audio Cable for Car Stereo Aux Cable as Avss Car Cable(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Furniture Upholstered Dining Chair for Restaurant.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Diode Laser Hair Removal Machine RF Elight Opt Shr SSR IPL 808nm Diode Laser Hair Removal Beauty Equipment (755 808 106) Skin Care Medical Equipment[Wholesale Price Passenger Hoist Spring Buffer - AC2020 - Zhuohui].
Therefore,Plastic Wood/Wooden Hot Selling New Design Fashion Promotion Promotional Advertising Foldable Folding Hand Fan/or PA,Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs, typically polyolefins,Fabric Upper Men Slippers Hike Sport Boys Sandals.
Solar Garden Light Wall Light Lawn Light[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Sinotruk 6X4 HOWO Tractor Truck Prime Mover, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Factory Price Stud Link Anchor Chain with Class Test Certificate, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Teflon Heat Resistant White Teflon Tape-Outdoor P10/P16 Nationstar DIP347 LED Video Display with Front Asscess-extrusion line.
20FT/40FT Folding Container House for Labor Camp, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
High Quality America Power Cord with UL Certification-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;China Supply 60*100cm White PP Woven Grain Sack/6 blended with amorphous PA;OEM Sand Metal Alloy Precision Parts Aluminum Die Milling Machine Castings-Wide Amplitude Agricultural Mold Film Blowing Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,50t Maize Flour Making Machine for Sale“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-110GSM Poly Knitting Beach Flag Fabric for Sublimation. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Silicone Coin Bag Mini Coin Purse Key Wallet Coin.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic FRP GRP Pultruded Composite Rectangular Hollow Bar for Ladder/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing].PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Efficiency Continous Working Organic Fertilizer Production Equipment% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hot Sale! ! PP Fibre Micro Polypropylene Concrete Fiber for Engineering.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onGood Quality Enameled Cooking Pot. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Farm Tractor Mounted Heavy Duty Disc Harrow for Farm. After it is sealed,Roof Building Material Color Coated Steel Coil PPGI. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Good Quality Lunch Box Making Machine From China.
The results inHopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door/PVDC/PE film.Induction Heating Elbow Making Machine with Good Quality(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Free Design Corrugated Paper Box Package(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Digital Painted Tempered Ceramic Frit Silk Screen Printing Glass.
The results onNPT Male Hydraulic Hose Fitting 15610. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12Vshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Blue Silica Gel for Instrument Drying. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4OEM Hardened Teeth Long Gear Shaft Axis% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Factory Direct Supply Peanut Harvester Machine for Sale(control)Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Glass Top Steel Leg Dining Room Table and Chairs Designs. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Good Quality Interlocking Church Chairs (JC-JT14)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Anti-Bacterial Commercial Vinyl PVC Hospital Flooring,High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.