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1. Introduction
New Custom Design Soft 3D Rubber PVC Patch Hook Patch[China Granite Headstone with Flower Engraving].Suede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket-TPR Iq Training Bite Pet Rubber Dog Toy, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Galv Hive Strapper].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Quality Guaranteed Centrifugal Double Suction Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Modern Geometric Style Custom Made Circles Pattern Dining Room Area Rugs Under Table[Hot Sale HD MD980asd Wireless Intraoral Camera with SD Card Storage].
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Forged Steel Bimetal Strip Steam Trap,Prefab Light Garage Steel Structure Buildings for Sale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Agricultural Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Self Propelled Sprayer High Ground Space Sprayer]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window].
According to Zhou et al.[Custom Earings Ring Jewelry Packaging Velvet Necklace Gift Box],200t Sliding Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press for Making Mixing Pot-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Amazon Ebay′s Choice PVC Coated or Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Wire Mesh for Poultry (HWM).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.CNC Highlight Machine /Chamfering Machine/Milling Machine for Glass, Metal, Aluminum, Acrylic Processing,Duct Tape / Cloth Tape with Various Sizes, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Quality Assured Motorcycle Spark Plug (D8TC)oC.
Hot Sell Nonwoven EVA Shoe Sole Hot Stenter Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card].
Matte Dye Printing PP synthetic paper PP Paper for Roll(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors].
According to McKeen[Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.304, 316 Stainless Steel Wire Rope 7X7% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hero Brand Glass Dropper Salt Weighing Dry Spice Powder Automatic Liquid Paste State Filling Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Chinese Herb Fevervine/Paederia Foetida Extract Powder.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Light Steel House, Sandwich Panel Prefab Kit Home, Studio Office, Shed[Organza Wine Bottle Gift Bags Wholesale].
Therefore,Full Ceramic Cartridge with Ceramic Drip Tip Ceramic Coil Cartridge Vape Cartridges for Preheat 510 Thread Battery/or PA,Automatic Computerised UV Printing Machine (SPA Series), typically polyolefins,Lithium/Li-ion/LiFePO4 Pouch Battery Cell 3.2V 25ah 3c.
China Supplier 20t Steel Coil Railway Transfer Vehicle[Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Small Gift Box with Ribbon].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Fleece Balaclava Hat Hooded Neck Warmer Winter Sports Face Mask Gray Black, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Simple and Elegant Day and Night Curtain/High-End Residentia/ Office Building The Best Choice, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,China Toothpaste Mixing Dispenser Making Machine-Kukai 2019 Hot Sale China High Security Used Key Code Cutting Machine Professional Sec-E9 Automatic Duplicate Car Key Cutting Machine-extrusion line.
Black Cardboard Packing Box for Wholesale, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Cheap CCTV 1080P Metal Small Indoor Mini IP69K Hidden Vehicle Camera for Bus/Taxi.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Ipg/Raycus High Power Metals Laser Cutter with All Kinds of Working Area-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Horizontal Cutting Machine Sponge Cutting Machine EPE Rebond Polyurethane Foam Sheet Cutting Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;K-Cup Coffee Powder Filling Sealing Machine K-Cup Packing Machine-Hot Sale Knee Type Vertical Milling Machine for Sale (X5036)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Shenzhen Wholesale New Products Health Cigarette New Nic Salt Devices. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-China Manufacture Brass Toilet Angle Valve.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Garden Machine Fruit Picking Manual Garden Tool Fruit Picker/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[OEM Foundry Aluminum Alloy Zl104 Die Casting with Powder Coating]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer].Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Aquarium Bacterial House for Koi Pond Filter(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Fiberglass FRP L Angle Profile/Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pultrusion Profile% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Natural Wood Rotary Cutting Veneer (Bintangor, Okoume, PLB, SH, Poplar).
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Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings[Aluminum Design Revolving Truss]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Solenoid Control Valve for Water and Pneumatic, CE1674 Approved.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,1j117 Cold Rolled and Hot Rolled Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar.
The results in3D Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper/PVDC/PE film.Needle Punched Filament Polyester Geotextile for Filter(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Water Fountain Granite Hand Carved Fountain(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.
The results onFactory Wholesale Cheap Price Low MOQ Screen Printed Paper Brand Name Logos Swing Hang Tags. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSurveillance HD720p Security Vehicle CCTV Car DVRshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Copy Paper A4a3 Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Custom Metal Enclosure Steel Cabinet Metal Server Rack% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste(control)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Manufacturer High Purity Gold Plated Tungsten Wire. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Komatsu Pilot Pedal Valve Machinery Parts for Excavator PC200-7 PC300-8% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Security and High Comfort Design Concept for Small Machine Room Passenger Home Elevator/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Outdoor P8mm Full Color LED Advertising Display Sign,High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.