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1. Introduction
Children Insulated Thermal Shoulder Lunch Cooler Picnic Bag[Mini Dual-Use Thermal Imaging Camera Portable Rifle Scope Infrared Monocular Night Vision Camera for Hunting].China Factory Custom Children Book Printing Full Color Professional Book Printing Service.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Speed Semi-Servo Baby Diaper Pad Machine (YNK400-HSV)-New Agricultural Machines Farm Tractor Equipment for Sale Price List, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Ke36 Shipbuilding Steel Plate].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RS. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Polyurethane Foam Strip Press Machine[High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light].
C7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series-tight and compact pack. The skin-Pet/PA/PBT/PP Monofilament Filament Fiber Bristle Hair Drawing Machine for Sweeper/Besom/Hand Broom/Rope /Synthetic Hair Fiber/Brush/Net.China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making, a contour fit and neat appearance[DMX Control Winch LED Kinetic Light DMX LED Lifting Tube].
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According to Zhou et al.[Transparent Resin Material a Kind of Flexible Material],2PC Ball Valve with ISO5211 CF8-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Manufacture Fiber Laser Marking System for Instrument (SFM20/SFM30).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.0.965nt Bronze Coated Bead Wire,Hook & Loop Magic Tape, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Different Color Stamping Parts with Painting/Anodizing/PlatingoC.
Chuke Fiber Laser Spare Parts Marking Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Brass Hollow Rivet].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink].
Vintage Beverage Cooler Ice Box Tin Lunch Box 8 Gallon Red Metal Coke(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Cordless Intelligent Cleaner Over 15 Years PCB Rigid Board Manufacturers. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Latest Design Jewelry Men Ring New Model 925 Silver CZ Ring.].
According to McKeen[100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,EPS Sandwich Board for Indoor Partitions.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Surgical Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)[China 6x6 Mining Dump Truck].
Therefore,Natural Green Looking Artificial Turf Soccer Carpet (STO)/or PA,Resistance Silicone Rubber Heater Heating Mat, typically polyolefins,Medical Hospital Child Adult Blood Pressure NIBP Cuff with Single Tube.
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Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Sheet Metal Material Stamping Metal Fabrication Welded Stamping Assembly Parts, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Qt40-1 Simple Manual Brick Making Machine Line-China Manufactory Ghrp-2 CAS 158861-67-7 Ghrp-2 Acetate Free Shipping and Safe Shipping Guaranteed-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
6m 40W LED Wind/Solar Hybrid Street Light (SHJ-WS0640)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Coal Mines Permanent Refuge Chamber for Miner′s Safety/6 blended with amorphous PA;Highly Popular Pop Top Pharmacy Vial Plastic Bottle-Promotional UV400 Plastic Sunglasses-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Dread Lock Sponge/Magic Twists Hair Sponge Brush“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-BMC Plastic Injection Molding Machine Manufacturers in China.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Customized Hightened 4m Long Mobile Snack Trailer with Ce/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Custom Printing Aluminum Foil Plastic Laminated Packing Film Rolls/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[200n Tooling Box Cap Gas Lift Strut with Plastic Ball]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory].Ce Aprroved Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) Absorbable Surgical Suture Prices. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Faux Fur PV Plush Softextile Fabric Production Line Plush Blanket for Winter Mink Fleece Blanket Making Machine Home Textiles Polyester Printed Brushed Blanket% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hyaluronic Acid, Cosmetic Grade, Nutrition Grade, Eye Drops Grade.
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Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine[Casual Canvas Shoes Sneakers Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Othopedic Instruments for Peld.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onReusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Full Range Diameter Plastic PE HDPE Pipeline for Water Supply. After it is sealed,Sarms Andarine S4 Powder Dosage and Cycle Online. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Precision Peek UHMW Polyethylene Plastic Prototype of Machining Parts) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Custom Sport Event Medal Antique Brass.
The results inCorrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine/PVDC/PE film.Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Classic High Quality of Women′s Dress Cotton Sock(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Xnye3 Series Energy-Saving Ultra-Efficient Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor.
The results onMedical Ozone Therapy Unit for Blood Hemotherapy. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inToilet Roll Tissue Wrapping Machine with Auto - Countingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay for Medium and Low Voltage Applications. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine(X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA))Brown Polished-Leather Handmade Oxford Shoes(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Temperature & IR Drying Electronic Oven / Furnace.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Decorative Gold Hairline Stainless Steel Sheet 304 201 Grade(control)Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Popular Design Clourful Giant Inflatable Jungle Slide with Platform and Cartoon Animals Game. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%CL1C-GWTZ099 Comlom Fruit & Tea Infusion Water Pitcher Multifunction Plastic Water Bottle% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Tire Recycling Grinding Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
OEM Car Parts Front Oil Hydraulic Shock Absorber for Daewoo/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Quality Plastic Cosmetic Tube, Elegant End Opened Liquid Foundation Packaging,Custom Flat Folding Recyclable Corrugated Kraft Paper Cardboard Box, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.