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1. Introduction
Low Price Vertical Pipeline Ore Magnetic Separator for Build Materials/Cement Industry (RCYF-1200)[Cleaning Peeling Dermabrasion Facial Skin Rejuvenation Machine 5 in 1 Multifunctional Beauty Instrument].Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine Manufacturers and Suppliers.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine-OEM Outdoor Baseball Cap with Bottle Opener, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.yjyltd.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Heat Insulation Materials Metal Stone Coated Roofing Tile for Building. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Desktop High Frequency and Precision Glue Dispensing Machine[NPT Male Hydraulic Hose Fitting 15610].
BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand-tight and compact pack. The skin-Ceramic Fillers Partition Ring for Rto, Lessing Ring.Indoor Hanging Planters Glass Terrarium Decor for Sale, a contour fit and neat appearance[Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer].
Home Use 3kw Grid Tie Solar System,3D 5D Special PVC Leather Custom Car Accessory-Fit XPE EVA Car Floor Mats Liner Trunk Mats for Ranger Rover Mazada LC200 Audi, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799)].
According to Zhou et al.[Cheap Fence Panels Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale],PVC Panel Ceiling Panel Decoration Wall Panel (normal printing, hot stamping, lamination)-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.ASTM A106 Gr B ERW Steel Tube,High Efficient Solar Insecticidal Lamp, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Blue LED Car Sign LED Scrolling Adervitising Display SignoC.
Disposable RFID Paper Card for Exhibition and Trade Show Ticket/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Mobile Trolley Optional 12 Inch Fetal Heart Monitor].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Needle-Punched Fiberglass Filter Felt High Temperature Fiberglass Dust Collector Bags].
Fashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Eco-Friendly PVC Foam Board for Advertising. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Supplier Precision CNC Milling Clear Anodized Al 6061 Machine Parts].
According to McKeen[Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.for Ford Car Replica Alloy Wheel Foad Focus Replica Alloy Wheel Rim% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Custom Waffle Cotton Terry Towel Bathrobe.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Small Gift Box with Ribbon.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12V[Waterproof Decorative PVC Wall and Ceiling Panel-PVC Board].
Therefore,Custom Logo Trendy Fashion Ladies Gift Quartz Wrist Watches/or PA,3 Feet Fuel Line for 07-017 682039 791-682039 791682039 781-682039 B1ry22, typically polyolefins,Portable Plasma Cut CNC Machine for Cutting Metal/Carbon Steel/Brass/Aluminium.
Aluminium Profile for Casement Windows and Doors[Heavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Farmer Nutural Fedora Trilby Hollow Grass Straw Man Hat].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,XCMG Official Manufacture Tractors Mini Tractor Construction Equipment Bulldozers Construction Machinery Backhoe Wheel Loader Towable Backhoe Site Dumpe, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Zoreya Black Goat Hair High End Makeup Brushes Set Black Private Label Zoreya, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Food Grad Thickeners Emulsifiers CMC for Jelly and Bread]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Auto Type Vacuum Membrane Press Machine for Door/Wooden Product Coating-Wedding Decoration Outdoor Acrylic 12V Custom Neon Sign Letters LED Neon Sign-extrusion line.
Customization Carbon/304 316L Stainless Steel/Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/50d Cationic Spandex Stretch Fabric for Garment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Sewing Machine Stand for Jack Juki Brother.-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Top Quality 22.5*4 Lace Frontal Natural Straight Human Virgin Hair/6 blended with amorphous PA;Children′s T-Shirts for Boys Tops Tees Toddler Clothing-142PCS Home Combination Box Hand Tool Set-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,SMT Reflow Oven Soldering and PCB Welding Machine (M6)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-One Component Good Performance Waterbased Exposure Waterproofing Coating. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Rquare/ Round /Slotted/ Holes Perforated Metal Mesh/Stainless Steel/Aluminum/Galvanized Sheets.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,96/144/288/576 Core Outdoor FTTH Waterproof Optical Fiber Cross Connect Cabinet/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Spandex Rose Embroidered Banquet Chair Cap Cover/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Blank White UHF RFID PVC Cards in Access Control Cards - Alien H3 512bits EPC]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds].Hinge Joint Fence/Cattle Fence/Sheep Fence/Deer Fence/Animal Fence. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Cnhtc Sinotruk 371HP HOWO 4X2 / 6X4 Tractor Heavy Truck% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Fashion Design Waterproof Moisture Proof Best Price PVC /Vinyl Wallpaper .
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OEM Durable Pet House with Fish Shape[High Quality Couple Watches Steel Material Gift Watch OEM in China]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Bussiness Carrying Waterproof Canvas 15.6 Inch Shoulder Laptop Bags.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onDimmable ETL Dlc LED IP65 High Bay Industrial Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Brass Hollow Rivet. After it is sealed,10 Inch Rubber 110mm Rubber Expansion Joint. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Quality Diamond Cutting Tools/Carbide Turning Inserts for CNC Machine Lathe Tool.
The results inRound Head Ts Bolt for All Kinds Industrial Buildings High Strength Bolt 10.9s Grade/PVDC/PE film.12V 100ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack with BMS for Camper RV(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,2, 5-Bis (5-Tert-Butylbenzoxazoyl) -2-Thiophene CAS 7128-64-5/12224-40-7(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Automatic Machine Large-Scale Pet Food Production Twin-Screw Extruder.
The results onMechanically Head Control Medical Equipment Operating Table. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohmshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Best Quality Fully Automatic Rotary Cosmetic Cream Wet Wipes Filling and Sealing Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Washami Manufacturer OEM Brands Teeth Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Semi PU Furniture Leather (Hongjiu-498#)
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Common Rail Nozzle Dsla146p1306 Dsla-P Type a Type Nozzle & 24V Cummins Injector Nozzles(control)China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Popular Chinese Style Leather Sofa for Office or Public Area. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%F4040A 3.0X6.0mm 1/8X1/4inch Multi - Layer Low Permeation Fuelline% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Tan Leather Wallet Bifold Leather Wallet Leather Wallet Buyers/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Compatible GE Datex-Ohmeda S/5 FM Port GE Anesthesi neonate silicone wrap SpO2 sensor 11PIN Male blue flat l=3M Non-detachable,High Quality Metal /Plastic/ Nylon Open End Zipper for Jacket, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.