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1. Introduction
Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors[China Granite Headstone with Flower Engraving].Custom Printing 3X6 Aluminum Canopy Tent Gazebo Folding Tents with 600d Oxford Fabric Canopy.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Vacuum Acrylic Round Shape in Store LED Custom Letter Light Box-2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[304 Stainless Steel Pipe].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Swing Top 250ml 500ml 1000ml Clear Round Shape Glass Bottle for Wine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Double Wall Tandem Square Rod Soft Closing Metal Drawer Box (TD601)[Hot Sale HD MD980asd Wireless Intraoral Camera with SD Card Storage].
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Q195 Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Tube Galvanized Metal EMT Pipe,Golf Vehicles 4+2 Seater Electric Golf Cars (DG-C4+2), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Agricultural Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Self Propelled Sprayer High Ground Space Sprayer]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window].
According to Zhou et al.[m.nbhonghuan.com],100% Virgin PP Material Folding Storage Box Fruit Crate Collapsible Cheapest Price Plastic Boxes-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163),Full Automatic Hydraulic Motor Drive CZ Purlin Roll Forming Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Panama Market Hot Sale Waterproof Fruit Cover Guava Growing BagoC.
100% Waterproof Wood Grain Rigid Core Vinyl Spc Floor/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card].
Hottest Ce Approval LED Photon Therapy Medical Removable for Skin Rejuvenation Black Spots Removal Beauty Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Fbwd-800 Micro Single Recorder HD Wide-Angle Night-Vision 170 Ultra-Thin Parking-Monitoring. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors].
According to McKeen[Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hot Selling Fast Delivery Support Multi-Language Persian TV Box to Watch Free TV% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,28t Landing Gear.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Heated Lunch Box/ Food Insulation Plastic Box/Heat Preservation Plastic Box.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Black 6.35mm Mono Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack[Cheap Cable Insulation Copper Color Aluminum Foil Micron].
Therefore,Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality/or PA,Synthetic Turf for Football Soccer Badminton Sports (TT), typically polyolefins,Muiltple Shape Silicone Lace Coating Machine (LX-ST03).
Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine[Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Small Gift Box with Ribbon].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,360 Degree Rotate Auto Rewinding Retractable Data Cord Reel, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Double-Sided High Quality 100% Silk Eye Mask Comfortable Patch Princess Lace Sleep Mask Custom Logo, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine-Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
12inch 15W Solar Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Battery System (SN2013014)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Plastic Window Screen Pass with SGS and Ce/6 blended with amorphous PA;Sport Scarf Custom High Quality Woven Football Fan Scarf Soccer-Women Customized Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Clothes (19-335)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Chinese Suppliers Folding Automatic Tissue Napkin Paper Making Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-PVC/CPVC Pressure Pipe with Competitive Price. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Tooth Whitening Cleaning Fluoride Free Day Toothpaste Charcoal/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[OEM Foundry Aluminum Alloy Zl104 Die Casting with Powder Coating]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer].Luzhong 100HP 4X4 Four Wheel Drive Agriculture / Farm Tractor. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Non - Smell Fiber Reinforced PVC Garden Hose% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality Royal Gold Chaivari Wedding Chair with Cushion.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600). After it is sealed,Indoor Amusement Empty Arcade Cabinet Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,P2 P5 LED Display Electrical Control System.
The results inChina OEM Precision CNC Machining Transmission Shafts for Auto Part/PVDC/PE film.New Leather Handbag Fashion Colorful Studded Women Tote Bags Emg4882(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Ce Approved Hoist HS Code 6t Manual Lever Pulley Block(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw.
The results onHandheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSurveillance HD720p Security Vehicle CCTV Car DVRshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,750 Ml Oval Glass Liquor Whiskey Vodka Brandy Bottle for Tequila Distillery Brewery Rum Gin Ferment. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Best Price 3003 5000 H14 H24 H16 H26 Aluminum Coils% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Yuhuan Manufacturer Hydraulic Fittings Quick Connection Pipe Fittings Hose Fittings(Shenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch)PP Strap Band Production Line(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Pyrex Heat Resistant Microwave Oven Glass Soup Bowl Set.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line(control)China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%2017 Graphic Overlay Membrane Keyboard Membrane Switch% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%100% Cotton Summer Children Kids Sleeveless T-Shirt,Medical Elbow Brace Neoprene Elbow Support Neoprene, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.