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1. Introduction
Cotton Bedding Sets Patchwork Baby Quilt Summer Quilt[Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures].Detergent Grade 94% Powder Price STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate for Soap.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Lift Gas Spring for Tool Box with Plastic End Fittings-Yestech Saving Energy P5 P6mm Outdoor Sport LED Video Display, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China general assembly line].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Any Models Polarized Polarizing Polarizer Film Sheet for Oppo. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Factory Petrol Chainsaw 5800, Steel Gasoline Chainsaw Price[Sequins Butterfly Handmade Beads Embroidery Patch].
Aluminium Radiator 6063 Alloy with High Quality LED Lighting Other-tight and compact pack. The skin-Blank White UHF RFID PVC Cards in Access Control Cards - Alien H3 512bits EPC.Decorative Paper for furniture From Chinese Supplier, a contour fit and neat appearance[Large Foldable Collapsible Plastic Industry Pallet Container].
High Tenacity Engineering Asphalt Concrete Polyester/Pet Fiber,Hot Sale High Quality Carbon Steel Rivet Nut, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Quality HDPE Polyethylene Sheet]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Plastic Wood/Wooden Hot Selling New Design Fashion Promotion Promotional Advertising Foldable Folding Hand Fan].
According to Zhou et al.[m.foismet.com],Jarliet Big Fat Sex Toy Ass Sex Sm Toy Sex Toy Silicone Doll Silicone Real Vagina-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Solar Light 39LED Motion Sensor Light Waterproof Outdoor Wall Lighting for Garden, Patio.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Interior Window Rolling Aluminum Roller Shutter for Home Decoration,96%Polyester/4%Spandex 75D Downproof/Waterproof Fabric for Down Jacket/Light Windbreaker, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Etdz1907 OEM Electric Heating Element for Coffee MachineoC.
High Quality Spooling Pet Polyester Mylar Film for Cable Material/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Factory OEM Brand Name Bulk Laundry Detergent Powder].
CAS 85-44 9 Flakes Phthali Anhydride(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Bwg32 900/800 Gi Steel Roof Sheet/Corrugated Galvanized Iron Sheet Roofing. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Carbon Stick Welding Electrodes E6013&E7018 Stone Bridge Brand].
According to McKeen[Full Range Diameter Plastic PE HDPE Pipeline for Water Supply]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,28.8W 120LED Per Meter 3m Adhesive LED Strip PCB.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Aluminum Tin Pet Can Beer Soft Carbonated Drink Canning Beverage Filling Line Equipment Machine for Sale.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Professtional Suppliers High Quality Engines Chassis Body Parts for Yutong Bus[Hot Sale Twin-Screw Rubber Roll Mill/Rubber Mixing Mill with Two Adjustable Speed Rollers].
Therefore,Competible Lemos ECG. 2b. 308 Fixed Socket Metal Circular Push Pull Connector/or PA,120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light, typically polyolefins,Jinka Brand Contour Cutting CNC Router, Partner for UV Printer, CNC Machine with CCD.
Open Type Rubber Mixer Machinery / Two Roll Mixing Mills[Bulk Cheap Blank Metal Copper Aluminium Custom Design Golf Divot Repair Tool Cigar Holder Set DIY Wholesale Retractable Brush Antique Golf Divot Tool No Minimum]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Open Two Roll Rubber Mixing Mill for Rubber Compound].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Pure Sn99.99% Tin Ingot, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.ASTM A536 Material Hose Clamps with UL FM Approval, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Ferric Chloride 96~98% for Water Treatment]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Double Sides Clear White Frosted Acrylic Sheet-New Fashioned Bean Sprout Multihead Weigher Vertical Packing Machine-extrusion line.
Disposable Underwear Beauty Salon Special Bath Sweat Sauna Travel Paper Underwear Men and Women Non-Woven Briefs (jt-016), ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/12V Mini LED Indicator Lights Waterproof Pilot Lamp.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Polymerized 2, 2, 4-Trimethy-1, 2-Dihydroquinoline/Rubber Antioxidants Tmq/Rd 26780-96-1-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Hotel Use White Code Lock Safe Box Mini Safe/6 blended with amorphous PA;Prius Hot Sale Nootropics CAS 129954-34-3 Selank Peptides 2mg-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Infrared Monoculars Hunting Scope Device Night Vision Goggles“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-P16 DIP Front Access RGB Outdoor Digital LED Billboards. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Sequins Butterfly Handmade Beads Embroidery Patch.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,3-Phase 96*96mm LCD Display Digital Multifunction Energy Meter/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Bio&Media Urea (UA) Test Kit/Ivd Reagent/Uao-Pod Method/Hospital/Lab/Supremely Accurate/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Methallyl Alcohol Ether]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080].Wholesale Junior Outdoor Winter Warm/Windproof Navy/Blue/Black/Grey Hooded Plus Size Cotton Padding/Ski Jacket. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Melamine Particle Board/Melanine Faced/ Chipboard(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Kids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Curved Shape Perforated Aluminum Panels for Interior Wall Decoration% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Duosida CCS Combo 1 IEC 62196-3 150A DC CCS1 Socket Inlet Ce Approval.
2.Flying Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Printing Printer Machine for Metal Sheet Engraving
Hr-1500 Corn Flour Mill Machine Small Flour Mill[Carburetor for Brush Cutter Em780]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onC7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
6300 Series Auto High Precision Deep Groove Ball Bearing. After it is sealed,Canton Fair Galvanized Steel Aluminium Ibr Roof Sheet Roll Forming Making Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (China 250t Slider Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press for Oil cleaner Can) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Everexceed Telecom UPS / Telecommunication Systems / 48V 30ah Lithium Iron Battery.
The results inBrightness Reflector Pedestrian Reflective Zinc Alloy Road Stud/PVDC/PE film.New! Automatic/Manual Powder Coating Line for Factory(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Artificial Grass 30mm Astro Garden Realistic Natural Turf Fake Lawn(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,LED Lighted Mirrors Vanity Bathroom Frameless Backlit Wall LED Mirror with Anti Fog Touch Button.
The results onFoundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Biodegradable Customized Printing Resealable Plastic Snack Dried Food Packaging Bag(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inUsed Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loadershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4New Type Airless Electric Spraying Machine with Diaphram Rod% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Staple Length Fiberglass Yarn for Ceiling Panels
Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory(Staple Binding School Cute Exercise Book)CNC Fully Machining Power Bank Aluminum Case(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)316L Stainless Steel Wire Rope Net Steel Cable Net for Bird Enclosures(control)High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Heavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Precision Low Cost CNC Plasma Drilling and Cutting Tool/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Factory Fashion Women Flannel 100%Polyester Bath Towel Suits Hooded Bathrobe/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey).
In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%30ml 50ml 100ml 150ml Aroma Diffuser Bottles,Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.