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1. Introduction
Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1)[BMC Plastic Injection Molding Machine Manufacturers in China].1220*2440/12/15/18mm Melamine Faced Plywood for Furniture and Coffins.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Black Ceramic Glass for Cook Top-HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Hot Sales Decorative Aluminum Stainless Steel Expanded Perforated Metal Mesh].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Multi Core Underground Fiber Optic Cable with Om1 Om2 Fiber. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Shima Seiki Nsig 122sv 14G Flat Knitting Machine for Sale Year 2010-2011 Good Condition 90% New Sweater Wool Knitting[Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China].
2*GU10 Aluminum Ceiling Downlight Holder IP20 Adjustable Surface Mounted Downlight-tight and compact pack. The skin-Cotton Mop.Tcst-12rsd-2 Customized OEM Screw Bolt Cold Header Auto Lock Nut Thread Drilling Turning Machine CNC Lathe Threading Pneumatic Electric Tapping Machine Tapper, a contour fit and neat appearance[Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B].
Coin Operated Whack The Mole Lottery Machine Hit Hammer Game Machine,Mirror Cam with Multiple Rear View Camera with Spacial Holder/Bracket DVR, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Motorcycle Clutch Friction Plate Motorcycle Parts for Bajaj Discover 125st]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag].
According to Zhou et al.[PE Machine Roll Plastic Stretch Foil],Precisely Cutting Textile Lifting Sling Webbings Cutting and Winding Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Prepaid Game VIP Members Plastic PVC Cards/Smart Card/IC Card/ID Card.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Precision Peek UHMW Polyethylene Plastic Prototype of Machining Parts,Q35y-20 Hydraulic Iron Worker Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Current Toroidal Power Inductor, RoHS/Ce/UL CertifiedoC.
Wholesale Custom Unique Steel/Zinc Alloy/Metal Commemorative Pirate Head Portrait Coins/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stainless Steel Static with Fan Counter Chiller].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter].
Two Story Sandwich Panel Modular Homes T Prefab House(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate].
According to McKeen[Hot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Drop Self-Supporting Bow-Type Fiber Optic Drop Cable% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,CNC Machining Center Xh7145 Taiwan Vertical Milling Machine Center.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Smart GPS Lock Unlocking by RFID Cards / SMS / GPRS Command.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)OEM Sheet Metal Stamping Automotive Clips Auto Spare Parts[Double Power Automatic Transfer Switch].
Therefore,Plastic Mosquito Net PE Mosquito Netting/or PA,Tk-Y2 Good Quality Furniture Hardware Gas Spring 100n, typically polyolefins,Private Label Activates Cellular Regeneration Emulsion Beauty Skin Care.
Kraft Paper Salad Box Disposable Water Proof Takeaway Lunch Box[China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Fertilizer Mixing Granulator Machine With Simple Operation, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Medical Packaging Pouches, Sterilization Pouches with Ce and ISO, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Backseat Storage Bag Oxford Cloth SUV Back Seat Car Organizer-Customized Miniature Ball Screw 6.5mm Diameter for Electronic Machine-extrusion line.
China Manufacturer 50mm 12 Strand Polyester PE Mooring Rope with Factory Price, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Key Lock Switch with 90° Switching, (Key Lock independent)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Warm White G45 4W E27 E14 LED Filament Bulb for Decoration/6 blended with amorphous PA;Best 3D Printer 2019 Creality Newest Cr-10 V2 Autolevel Bltouch Large Industrial 3D Printer Upgrade From Great Cr-10 3D Drucker-PE Coated Anti Corrosion Underground Steel Pipe-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Expanded Metal Strainers Metal Mesh Screen“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Hot Selling Vapor Oil and Gas Recovery Vacuum Pump.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Walking Long Distance Surveying Instrument Meter Measuring Wheel/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,DC 4.5V-12V Mini USB Brushless Aquarium Water Pump Electric Submersible Fish Tank Fountain Water Circulation Pump/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing].Customized CNC High Precision Turning Stainless Steel Mechanical Parts. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Best Quality Bending Metal Mould with All Kinds Metal Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Mini Dual-Use Thermal Imaging Camera Portable Rifle Scope Infrared Monocular Night Vision Camera for Hunting% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Industrial 3003 1060 5052 H32 Alloy Thin Aluminum Foil Coil Rolls for Sale.
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Audio Cable for Car Stereo Aux Cable as Avss Car Cable[Diamond Pattern Stainless Steel Sheets]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onGood Quality Enameled Cooking Pot. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Furniture Upholstered Dining Chair for Restaurant. After it is sealed,Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Diode Laser Hair Removal Machine RF Elight Opt Shr SSR IPL 808nm Diode Laser Hair Removal Beauty Equipment (755 808 106) Skin Care Medical Equipment.
The results inPlastic Wood/Wooden Hot Selling New Design Fashion Promotion Promotional Advertising Foldable Folding Hand Fan/PVDC/PE film.Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fabric Upper Men Slippers Hike Sport Boys Sandals(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Solar Garden Light Wall Light Lawn Light.
The results onSinotruk 6X4 HOWO Tractor Truck Prime Mover. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2018 New Arrival Licensed Electric Kids Ride on Car Toy 12Vshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Teflon Heat Resistant White Teflon Tape. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Outdoor P10/P16 Nationstar DIP347 LED Video Display with Front Asscess% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels(Health Care Products Cheap Refillable Vape Disposable Pod Device with Different Flavors)High Quality America Power Cord with UL Certification(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,China Supply 60*100cm White PP Woven Grain Sack.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)OEM Sand Metal Alloy Precision Parts Aluminum Die Milling Machine Castings(control)3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wide Amplitude Agricultural Mold Film Blowing Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%50t Maize Flour Making Machine for Sale% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,110GSM Poly Knitting Beach Flag Fabric for Sublimation/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Silicone Coin Bag Mini Coin Purse Key Wallet Coin/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Mini Prism in Plastic Housing,PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.