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1. Introduction
Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine[Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures].360 Degree Rotate Auto Rewinding Retractable Data Cord Reel.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Double-Sided High Quality 100% Silk Eye Mask Comfortable Patch Princess Lace Sleep Mask Custom Logo-CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Water Well Boring Drilling Machine with Concrete Core Drill].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure[Sequins Butterfly Handmade Beads Embroidery Patch].
Precision Prototype Motorcycle Plastic Injection Cushion Mold Making-tight and compact pack. The skin-12inch 15W Solar Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Battery System (SN2013014).Plastic Window Screen Pass with SGS and Ce, a contour fit and neat appearance[Large Foldable Collapsible Plastic Industry Pallet Container].
Sport Scarf Custom High Quality Woven Football Fan Scarf Soccer,Women Customized Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Clothes (19-335), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Quality HDPE Polyethylene Sheet]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Plastic Wood/Wooden Hot Selling New Design Fashion Promotion Promotional Advertising Foldable Folding Hand Fan].
According to Zhou et al.[OEM Customized And Less Technical Turf Applications. - Vertical Fertilizer Chain Crusher - Exceed ],Chinese Suppliers Folding Automatic Tissue Napkin Paper Making Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)PVC/CPVC Pressure Pipe with Competitive Price.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds,Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Tooth Whitening Cleaning Fluoride Free Day Toothpaste CharcoaloC.
Luzhong 100HP 4X4 Four Wheel Drive Agriculture / Farm Tractor/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Factory OEM Brand Name Bulk Laundry Detergent Powder].
High Quality Cross Type Razor Barbed Wire Fence(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Non - Smell Fiber Reinforced PVC Garden Hose. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Carbon Stick Welding Electrodes E6013&E7018 Stone Bridge Brand].
According to McKeen[Full Range Diameter Plastic PE HDPE Pipeline for Water Supply]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High Quality Royal Gold Chaivari Wedding Chair with Cushion% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Pressure Pipe for Engine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Eco Friendly Rice Stand up Pouch Bag with Window Block Bottom Plastic Bags for Flour.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Top Quality for Cable Shielding Single Sided Insulation Aluminium Foil[16 Oz Frosted Sublimation Beer Glass for Heat Transfer Printing].
Therefore,China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China/or PA,Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600), typically polyolefins,Indoor Amusement Empty Arcade Cabinet Machine.
P2 P5 LED Display Electrical Control System[Bulk Cheap Blank Metal Copper Aluminium Custom Design Golf Divot Repair Tool Cigar Holder Set DIY Wholesale Retractable Brush Antique Golf Divot Tool No Minimum]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Open Two Roll Rubber Mixing Mill for Rubber Compound].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,China OEM Precision CNC Machining Transmission Shafts for Auto Part, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.New Leather Handbag Fashion Colorful Studded Women Tote Bags Emg4882, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Ferric Chloride 96~98% for Water Treatment]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Ce Approved Hoist HS Code 6t Manual Lever Pulley Block-Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw-extrusion line.
Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Em4200 ID Thin Card Hot Selling Business Card PVC/Custom Printing PVC ID Card.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
750 Ml Oval Glass Liquor Whiskey Vodka Brandy Bottle for Tequila Distillery Brewery Rum Gin Ferment-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Best Price 3003 5000 H14 H24 H16 H26 Aluminum Coils/6 blended with amorphous PA;Farmer Nutural Fedora Trilby Hollow Grass Straw Man Hat-Yuhuan Manufacturer Hydraulic Fittings Quick Connection Pipe Fittings Hose Fittings-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,PP Strap Band Production Line“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Pyrex Heat Resistant Microwave Oven Glass Soup Bowl Set. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,2017 Graphic Overlay Membrane Keyboard Membrane Switch/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Methallyl Alcohol Ether]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[China Industrial Aluminium Profile Extrusion for Industrial Use Wholesale 8080].Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Kids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Ss 304 Manual Threaded Sanitary Butterfly Valve% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.100% Cotton Summer Children Kids Sleeveless T-Shirt.
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Snail Lock Diamond Steel Abrasive Brush[Porous Stone Filter Factory & Manufacturer]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Stainless Steel Automatic High Speed Mixer Homogenizer Mixer for Cosmetic.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onC7/C5/C3 Precision Ball Set Screw Sfu Series. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Factory Sales of High-Quality Food Grade 99.5% Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate for Food Additives. After it is sealed,Dn50-2-Inch-ANSI-Class-150-EPDM Rubber Seat Lug Cast-Steel-12volt Modulating Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (China 250t Slider Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press for Oil cleaner Can) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.
The results inSdlg 4120000867101 4120000867007 Lift Cylinder Seal Kit Price for LG936L Wheel Loader/PVDC/PE film.Ballscrew Fixed End Support Unit Bearing Support Mounts(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,12V Li-ion Smashing Price Cordless Drill (CD002)(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hospital Cardiac Defibrillator Machine (THR-MD-800B).
The results onGym Use X5s 22 Inch Screen Commercial Speed Adjustable AC Motorized Treadmill. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inUsed Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loadershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Lpcb Certified Addressable Fire Alarm Horn Strobe for Sale. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Full New Brand Mobile Phone Screen for iPhone 6s LCD Display% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Petals Shape Polyester Fiber Acoustic Lampshade(Staple Binding School Cute Exercise Book)Multilayers Rigid Motherboard PCB Prototype(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Herb Plant Extractor for Cbd Oil.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wholesale 180ml Salt Pepper Glass Spice Jar with Grinder(control)Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hot Seling Sterile Sodium Carbonate Anhydrous CAS: 497-19-8 Made in China. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Chinese Automatic CNC Hydraulic Cold Press Wood Machine with Wonderful Quality% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,IEC61701-2011 PV Module Slat Mist Mixed Gas Corrosion Test Chamber/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
China Factory Fashion Children Apparel Kids Clothing Cotton Offwhite Windbreaker Girl Winter Garment/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Passenger House Lift FUJI Manufacturer Elevator with Good Price,Polyester Knitting Suede Fabric, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.