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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Solar Light 39LED Motion Sensor Light Waterproof Outdoor Wall Lighting for Garden, Patio-Interior Window Rolling Aluminum Roller Shutter for Home Decoration, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Led Lamp High Quality Supplier].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,96%Polyester/4%Spandex 75D Downproof/Waterproof Fabric for Down Jacket/Light Windbreaker. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Etdz1907 OEM Electric Heating Element for Coffee Machine[Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water].
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According to Zhou et al.[6061 Alloy Anodizing Rectangular Aluminium/Aluminum Extrusion],Aluminum Tin Pet Can Beer Soft Carbonated Drink Canning Beverage Filling Line Equipment Machine for Sale-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Professtional Suppliers High Quality Engines Chassis Body Parts for Yutong Bus.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Competible Lemos ECG. 2b. 308 Fixed Socket Metal Circular Push Pull Connector,120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Jinka Brand Contour Cutting CNC Router, Partner for UV Printer, CNC Machine with CCDoC.
Open Type Rubber Mixer Machinery / Two Roll Mixing Mills/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[EPS Sandwich Board for Indoor Partitions].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Suede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030].
Pure Sn99.99% Tin Ingot(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)ASTM A536 Material Hose Clamps with UL FM Approval. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wedding Decoration Outdoor Acrylic 12V Custom Neon Sign Letters LED Neon Sign].
According to McKeen[CNC Water Jet Cutter Ultra High Pressure 5 Axis Waterjet Cutting Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Double Sides Clear White Frosted Acrylic Sheet% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,New Fashioned Bean Sprout Multihead Weigher Vertical Packing Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Disposable Underwear Beauty Salon Special Bath Sweat Sauna Travel Paper Underwear Men and Women Non-Woven Briefs (jt-016).m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)12V Mini LED Indicator Lights Waterproof Pilot Lamp[Calf Cow Bull Nose Ring].
Therefore,Polymerized 2, 2, 4-Trimethy-1, 2-Dihydroquinoline/Rubber Antioxidants Tmq/Rd 26780-96-1/or PA,Hotel Use White Code Lock Safe Box Mini Safe, typically polyolefins,Prius Hot Sale Nootropics CAS 129954-34-3 Selank Peptides 2mg.
Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag[Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Infrared Monoculars Hunting Scope Device Night Vision Goggles, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.P16 DIP Front Access RGB Outdoor Digital LED Billboards, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Pg Manual Scraper Bottom Discharge Centrifuge]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Sequins Butterfly Handmade Beads Embroidery Patch-3-Phase 96*96mm LCD Display Digital Multifunction Energy Meter-extrusion line.
Bio&Media Urea (UA) Test Kit/Ivd Reagent/Uao-Pod Method/Hospital/Lab/Supremely Accurate, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Wholesale Junior Outdoor Winter Warm/Windproof Navy/Blue/Black/Grey Hooded Plus Size Cotton Padding/Ski Jacket.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Melamine Particle Board/Melanine Faced/ Chipboard-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Curved Shape Perforated Aluminum Panels for Interior Wall Decoration/6 blended with amorphous PA;Duosida CCS Combo 1 IEC 62196-3 150A DC CCS1 Socket Inlet Ce Approval-Flying Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Printing Printer Machine for Metal Sheet Engraving-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hr-1500 Corn Flour Mill Machine Small Flour Mill“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 9s2728.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,6300 Series Auto High Precision Deep Groove Ball Bearing/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Canton Fair Galvanized Steel Aluminium Ibr Roof Sheet Roll Forming Making Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[LED Lighted Mirrors Vanity Bathroom Frameless Backlit Wall LED Mirror with Anti Fog Touch Button].Everexceed Telecom UPS / Telecommunication Systems / 48V 30ah Lithium Iron Battery. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[12V 100ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack with BMS for Camper RV]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New! Automatic/Manual Powder Coating Line for Factory% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Artificial Grass 30mm Astro Garden Realistic Natural Turf Fake Lawn.
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Foundry OEM Lost Wax Investment Precision Casting Austenitic Stainless Steel[castironmaria]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Biodegradable Customized Printing Resealable Plastic Snack Dried Food Packaging Bag.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onColor 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
New Type Airless Electric Spraying Machine with Diaphram Rod. After it is sealed,Staple Length Fiberglass Yarn for Ceiling Panels. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory.
The results inCNC Fully Machining Power Bank Aluminum Case/PVDC/PE film.Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Grade B(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,316L Stainless Steel Wire Rope Net Steel Cable Net for Bird Enclosures(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing.
The results onHeavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inExpanded Metal Strainers Metal Mesh Screenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Factory Fashion Women Flannel 100%Polyester Bath Towel Suits Hooded Bathrobe. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper(Hospital Cardiac Defibrillator Machine (THR-MD-800B))2t@6m Hydraulic Pedestal Crane Folding Boom Crane Telescopic Marine Crane(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Top Quality Plastic Handle Stainless Steel Multi Hand Tools Pliers.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)200n Tooling Box Cap Gas Lift Strut with Plastic Ball(control)100X220cm PP Woven Air Dunnage Bag with Fast Valve. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Chinese Manufacturer Solar Pump Inverter 380V. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Food Grade Plate Heat Exchanger Specializes Cooling Milk Beer Wort Shell Coil Heat Exchanger Refrigerant Plate Heat Exchanger% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Fire Man Carbon Steel 3.25lb Fire Fighting Axe/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%0.38mm Color F-Green PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*,LED Filament Bulb G45 Globe Bulb 2W Clear Frosted, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.