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1. Introduction
Aluminum Stage Truss for Hanging Sound/Line Array/Audio[37inch Digital Signage Network 3G 4G Android WiFi LCD Advertising Display Monitor].Natural Veneer Plywood for Kitchen.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel/ Hexagon Socket Screw (M6)-Methallyl Alcohol Ether, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Discount Carpet Squares].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,UV Curing System 385nm 800W UV Printing for Ink Curing. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,PCB with China Golden Supplier for Multilayer Rigid Fr4 PCB[Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market].
High Performance Aluminum 6061 Aircraft CNC Machining/Machine/Machinery Parts-tight and compact pack. The skin-Concrete Admixture with Polycarboxylic Acidpowder Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer for Concrete Admixture Polycarboxylate High Performance Water Reducing Admi.Spandex Fancy Crepe Georgette Solid Color Washable Thick Silk Fabric Hight Quality, a contour fit and neat appearance[Blank Yg8n Pump Seals Ring Hard Metal on Sales].
650nm Diode Laser Hair Regrowth/Hair Scalp Analysis Beauty Machine,Fabrication Automation Engineering Design CNC Precision Machining Aluminum Parts, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5kw 13HP Key Start Brush with AVR Copper Wire Pertol Generator].
According to Zhou et al.[Welding Wire E71t-1 E71t-1c],Pure Material HDPE Pipe for Water Supply and Drains-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hydraulic Wood Splitter Fast Log Splitter 32/40 Ton Gasoline.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality Cycling Rack Home Floor Bike Parking Rack for 4 Bikes,DIP Waterproof P10 Outdoor Advertising LED Display Board, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Aluminum PCB Circuit Board SMD PCBA LED PCBoC.
Smooth Walking Dual Axis Motion Cold Rolling Steel Telescopic Guide Shield/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Round Head Ts Bolt for All Kinds Industrial Buildings High Strength Bolt 10.9s Grade].
China Supplier Custom Size Thin Wall Stainless Steel Tube(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hot Sell Customized Wide Use Plastic Injection Crate Mould. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[24cavities Hot Runner Plastic Cosmetic Cap Injection Mould].
According to McKeen[Black Luxury Custom Logo Wig Magnetic Closure Foldable Rigid Cardboard Paper Hair Extension Packaging Gift Box]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Prefab Steel Broiler/ Layer Egg Chicken Poultry Farm Building House% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Pengpu Dozer Fuel Injector for Nt855 Engine (3054218).04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Forklift Diesel Particular Filter[High Frequency DC Electro Magnet for Lifting Scraps].
Therefore,Automic Stainless Cable Tie Gun Tools HS-600/or PA,Diesel or Gas Riello Burner Automotive Spray Bake Paint Booth, typically polyolefins,PVC Latest Heat Shrink Label for Food Package.
60W Portable Folding Mono Solar Panel[Lvyuan China Manufacturer Granular Powder Coconut Shell /Coal Based /Bamboo Activated Carbon Price Per Ton for Water Treatment]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,0.3mm White PVC Inkjet Printing Plastic Sheet for ID Cards, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Silicone Flexible Cockrings Delay Penis Cock Rings, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,60W 80W 100W 250W Solar LED Street Light Camera Motion Sensor Integrated All in One Solar Street Light with CCTV Cameras-Airport Subway Station Government Hospital School Personal Security Door Frame Archway Walk Through Metal Detector-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Plastic Sun Glasses for Women with Bows (M10612)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Apple Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine-Chopped Spraying Machine or Equipment-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,2 Inch Full Plastic Diaphragm Pump“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-China Prefab Steel Building for Garment Factory.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Klt-30 Dust Suppression Spray Cannon 30m Distance/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Auto Feeding Mould Thermoformed Sheet Punch Die Cutting Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[MIM Lock Part]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Children′s T-Shirts for Boys Tops Tees Toddler Clothing].Wholesale White Color PE/ EVA 3D Foam Wallpaper Manufacturer. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB.
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Commercial Fitness Equipment, Gym Equipment, Weightlifting Machine, Hammer Strength[Popular Brand Wallpaper Home 3D Modern Decorative Interior Wall Panel 3D Interior Decorative]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Solarkeymark, CE Solar Thermal Water Heating Systems.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Environmental Tester CCT Salt Fog Spray Cyclic Corrosion Test Cabinets. After it is sealed,Waterproof WPC Celuca Foam Board WPC Wall Panel WPC Board. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Automic Stainless Cable Tie Gun Tools HS-600) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer.
The results inMatte Printing Personalized Custom Paper Soap Box Packaging/PVDC/PE film.20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Double Pots Distiller with 6 Plates Copper Column / Two Pot Style Distillation Equipment for Sale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,PA600-1200 Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist.
The results onABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSilicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Restshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hot Sale Army Sportsman Bucket Cap Fishing Hats (SYSG-201835)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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18mm Bleached Bleaching Poplar Plywood for Furniture(Diesel Hydraulic Splitting Tool Concrete Breaker Rock Splitting Machine)Egg Tray /Carton /Box/ Making Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Speed Weaving Machine 24*1.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Ozone Generator and UV Sterilizer for Water Treatment System(control)Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,China-Made High Quality Baby Wipes Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Multiple Flexible LCD Screen Flexible PCB, FPC for LED% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) with 68% Purity for Sequestrant/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Fully Automatic PE Film Hot/Heat Shrink/Shrinking Tube Sealer/Sealing and Packing/Packaging/Wrapping/Wrap/ Package Machine (APSS-5022),Telescopic Truck Mounted Crane Straight Arm, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.