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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Customized Auto Expressway Fence Protection Two Purlin Waves Highway Guardrails Tile Roof Cold Drawn/Drawing Roll/Rolling/Roller Former Forming/Making Machine-Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Non Contact Baby Digital Thermometer for Home Care].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Automatic PLC Controlled Slitting Machine for BOPP, PVC, Pet in 200m/Min[Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market].
Colorful VIP Festival Event Handband Fabric Woven Bracelet Wristband-tight and compact pack. The skin-Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger.Hot Sell Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake Kcn-40040, a contour fit and neat appearance[Blank Yg8n Pump Seals Ring Hard Metal on Sales].
Distributor Custom Outdoor Travel Polyester Laptop School Bag Backpack,DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5kw 13HP Key Start Brush with AVR Copper Wire Pertol Generator].
According to Zhou et al.[Acetic Acid Plus Naoh],Kids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Jarliet Big Ass TPE Sex Doll Girl Full Body.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Luxury Acrylic Dog Bed with Cushion,Rubber Diverter Push Button Denso Valve, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Self-Aligning Welding RotatoroC.
Terek High Quality Gas Booster Pump Pressure Control Bench Pressurized Test Unit/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Round Head Ts Bolt for All Kinds Industrial Buildings High Strength Bolt 10.9s Grade].
Long Shackle Digital Keyless Combination U Lock for Door(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Seawater Desalination Treatment Plant for Drink. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[24cavities Hot Runner Plastic Cosmetic Cap Injection Mould].
According to McKeen[Black Luxury Custom Logo Wig Magnetic Closure Foldable Rigid Cardboard Paper Hair Extension Packaging Gift Box]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,35 Degree Parallel Placed Escalator.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Laboratory Instrument High Temperature Hot Air Drying Microwave Oven.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Wiring Harness for Home Appliance[40w Laser Cutting Machine].
Therefore,Finger Fashion Open Ring 925 Silver Sterling Jewelry/or PA,PP Weaved Knitted Wire Mesh, typically polyolefins,Big Dosage Pillow Bag/Gusset Bag Powder Packing Machine.
High Pressure Steam Heat Resistant Fiber Braided Air Water Rubber Hydraulic Rubber Hose[Lvyuan China Manufacturer Granular Powder Coconut Shell /Coal Based /Bamboo Activated Carbon Price Per Ton for Water Treatment]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Compatible Rmc 555 and Rmc 888 Remote Duplicator, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Ipx1 Ipx2 Ipx3 Ipx4 Water Resistance Water Ingress Corrosion Test Chamber, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,2.5cm Self Adhesive Yellow and Black Arrowhead Marking Reflective Tape for Safety-Popular Plasti Slide and Swing Set with Ce for Kids (HBS17001D)-extrusion line.
Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Nonwoven Geotextiles Used for Construction, Industry.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Multifunctional 3/4 Inch PVC Pipe Coupling Factory for Wholesales-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Most Popular Mobile Food Cart Kiosk Street Food Trailer/6 blended with amorphous PA;Electronic Power Control Pdlc Smart Switchable Film with High Transparency-Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Stainless Steel Round Pipe Band Clip Hose Clamp“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-1650mm*80mm High Precision Laser Tube. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Stainless Steel Pool Fence Gate External Swing Magnetic Outward Glass Latch.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Excavator Tension/Recoil Spring Sy70-154zj-00 No. A229900005521 for Sany Excavator Sy75/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[MIM Lock Part]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Children′s T-Shirts for Boys Tops Tees Toddler Clothing].Export Good Quality Fresh Chinese Yellow Onion. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.20kg-50000kg/Ice Machine Cube(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Fantastic 48V 500W Fat Tire Electric Bicycle 2018% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Diesel Engine Parts Turbochargers Turbos for Sale.
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Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment[High Quality and Compectitive Price Reinforced Joint Sleeve Rebar Coupler]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Carrier Roller for Sany Excavator.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
HDG Bike Rack Fence Portable Fence for Concert. After it is sealed,Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Automic Stainless Cable Tie Gun Tools HS-600) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Black Straight Cocktail Drinking Straws Paper Straw.
The results inOutdoor Concert Laser RGB 30W Laser Light Waterproof/PVDC/PE film.Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Power Tools Accessory ( Switch for Hitachi DU 10 Electric Drill)(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,UV&HEPA Household Air Purifier Removable (room ioniser).
The results onCollege Wind Backpack Male Korean Version Trend Canvas Backpack Student Bag Laptop Bag Leisure Travel Pack. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSilicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Restshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Stainless Steel Carbon Steel Hollow Bolt M10% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Factory Price 6000 Series Industrial Extruded Aluminum Tube(Diesel Hydraulic Splitting Tool Concrete Breaker Rock Splitting Machine)Factory Price Promotional Lightweight Folding Camping Hammock with Tassels & Cushions(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Customized Precision Machining Parts Nonstandard CNC Turning Milling Products Tournage or Fraisage or Decoupe Stamping Tooling Automation Equipment Parts(control)Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Betaine HCl 98%Min Feed Grade% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,8 Pin Waterproof Electric Plug Waterproof Male Female Connector/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Crane Type Wb2, 10r, 20r, 659 Teflon Bellows Mechanical Seal/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Tin Candy Cigarette Pencil Coffee Saffron Music Small Rectangle Tea Round Cookie Tobacco Square Metal Tin Box Production Line Making Machine,Auto Parts Oil Filter Lf670 for Cummins, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.