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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer-Medical Equipment LED Operating Shadowless Lamp (HLED-M7/5), and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Roofing Coil Nail Collator Machine /Coil Nail Making Production Line to Weld Collect Electro/Hot-Galvanized Painted Pallet Nail/S. S Nail].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Xf-C10 10 Head Weigher (Multihead Weigher). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Bwd Bld3 Cycloidal Reducer Inline Planetary Gearhead Brake Induction Motor Meat Grinder Gearbox[Hot Sale HD MD980asd Wireless Intraoral Camera with SD Card Storage].
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NFC Blank PVC ID Card/PVC Blank Chip Card,100 Inch 110inch Projection Screen Electric Motorized Projector Screen, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Agricultural Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Self Propelled Sprayer High Ground Space Sprayer]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window].
According to Zhou et al.[Metro Tunnel Segment Carousel],37inch Digital Signage Network 3G 4G Android WiFi LCD Advertising Display Monitor-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Wevi Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Thermos Easy Ccarry Handle Sports Water Bottle.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Custom Logo Camouflage Upper Buckle Design Sides Sandals for Men,2 Wheel Self Balancing Electric Scooter Shenzhen Hoverboard, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Auto Blower Dynamic BalancingoC.
Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card].
Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Microcomputer Program Timer Switch Kg316t. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors].
According to McKeen[Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.36 Compartments Hard Plastic Transparent Jewelry Storage Box Organizer with Removable Dividers% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Effectively Organic Pesticide for Kill Nematodes/Underground Pests/Fungi.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)CNC Fiber Laser Metal Sheet Cutting Machine Combination with Laser Metal Tube Cutting Machine[Xts Fob Key].
Therefore,Wholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printed/or PA,Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist, typically polyolefins,Sand Casting Gray Iron Aluminum Castings.
Custom Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication[Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Small Gift Box with Ribbon].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Security IR Night Vision Small Baby Smart Camera Monitor Kids Housing, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,60cc Four Stoke Unique Engine Mini ATV for Cheapest Price in The World-Egg Tart Home Frozen Plastic Packaging Box-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Laser Cutting Parts De-Slagging Deburring and Chamfering Machines-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;8006-Lo Modern Style Economic Single Sink Without Mirror Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Vanity/6 blended with amorphous PA;Arc Stand Air Porch Swing Hammock Chair-Safety Auto Disable Syringe Automatically Retracting-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Bicycle Spoke LED Safety Light/Reflectors for 2 Wheels“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Lithium Battery Charger for 60V Electric Vehicles Unicycle Scooter. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-350mm 600mm Ce Certificated Fuel Grade UHP Graphite Electrodes for Arc Furnaces.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Metal Wire Square Flower Pot Basket/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,UL List CAT6A UTP Ethernet Network LAN Cable/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[OEM Foundry Aluminum Alloy Zl104 Die Casting with Powder Coating]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Steel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer].Sea Fish Thailand Brand Handmade Fishing Net China Manufacture Monofilament with 100m, Red De Pesca De Nylon. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Small Automatic Digital Capsule/ Pill Counting Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Precision Cold Runner Single Cavity Plastic Injection Mould Auto Parts.
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Micro Subminiature Transducer Sensor Mini Compressions Load Cell[Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Bed Sheet Set]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Men V-Neck Longline T-Shirt with Color Block Ribbed Trims.
The results inHigh Quality Bulk Price Selank Powder for Bodybuilding/PVDC/PE film.Vertical Radial Impeller Small Head Irrigation Pump(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hydraulic Metal Hole Digger Punching Machine (CH-80).
The results on3mm-12mm Digital Printing Glass. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSurveillance HD720p Security Vehicle CCTV Car DVRshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Shenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Good Quality Enameled Cooking Pot% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver(Shenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch)PVC Commercial Click Vinyl Flooring(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Excellent Melamine Decorative Paper for Boards/Furniture/Interior Decoration.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair(control)Plant Trellis Netting, Trellis Net Netting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Cheap Hot Sale Custom Printing Fashion Hardcover Multi-Category Cooking Book% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Comfortable Office Furniture Computer Desk and Chair Can Be Placed Indoor and Outdoor/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Grade a Polycarbonate Sheet for Noise Barrier/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin,33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.