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1. Introduction
IP66 Protection Infrared Night Vision Monocular, Guide IR510 Monocular Night Vision Camera, Infrared Thermal Camera Night Vision Scope[37inch Digital Signage Network 3G 4G Android WiFi LCD Advertising Display Monitor].CNC Water Jet Cutter Ultra High Pressure 5 Axis Waterjet Cutting Machine.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Luxury Custom Black Large Desktop Wooden Jewelry Storage Box Cabinet (8733)-5 Liter Packed Medical Ultrasound Gel with Ce and ISO, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Manufacturer Wholesale Silk Quilt].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,UV Protected Garden Landscaping Decor Artificial Grass Soccer Pitch Football Field Plastic Synthetic Fake Lawn Imitation Turf. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Tall/Large Cube Glass Terrarium Planter Gift Card Holder[Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market].
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Press Fitting Joint Furniture Cast Iron Pipe Fitting,Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5kw 13HP Key Start Brush with AVR Copper Wire Pertol Generator].
According to Zhou et al.[Painting Canvas],A519 1010 Cold Drwan Seamless Carbon Steel Mechanical Pipe Manufacturer,-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Various Bridge NdFeB Motor Magnets with High Performance.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Modular AC Contactor,Latest Design Jewelry Men Ring New Model 925 Silver CZ Ring., that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.CNC Stainless Steel Insert Positioning Screw Number ControlleroC.
Daf System Water Treatment Air Flotation Oil and Water Separator/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Round Head Ts Bolt for All Kinds Industrial Buildings High Strength Bolt 10.9s Grade].
Pulse /Hotbar Welding Machine for SMT PCB /FPC/ FPC to PCB/FFC to FPC(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Ductile Iron Universal Flexible Quick Flange Adaptor Dn400. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[24cavities Hot Runner Plastic Cosmetic Cap Injection Mould].
According to McKeen[Black Luxury Custom Logo Wig Magnetic Closure Foldable Rigid Cardboard Paper Hair Extension Packaging Gift Box]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Men′s Winter Riding Snowmobiling Jacket for Sale% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Wholesale 330ml 11oz Thick Frosted Liquor Wine Glass Bottle.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Manufacture High Loft Washable Polyester Wadding/Padding Quilting Batting.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Forged Steel Side Entry Full Bore Reduced Bore Rptfe Peek Devlon Soft Seat Floating Ball Valve Pn16 Pn25 Pn64 with Fire Safe Design[Precision CNC Machining Custom Aluminum Starter Housing for Engine Parts].
Therefore,5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring/or PA,Votive Tealight Glass Candle Holder Manufacturer, typically polyolefins,Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock, Luxury Key Card Hotel Lock.
Qt40-1 Small Concrete Cement Brick Machine/Machinery[Lvyuan China Manufacturer Granular Powder Coconut Shell /Coal Based /Bamboo Activated Carbon Price Per Ton for Water Treatment]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2020 Ladies Polyester Stone Bag Mini Hand Bag Women Designer Handbag Luxury Shoulder Lady Bags, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High Quality LED Lighting Housing Body Die Casting Parts, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Zhuv New Wooden Colors for UV Gloss MDF Board-Colorful Fashion Design Shiny Silver Silk Thermal Merino Woman Wool Socks-extrusion line.
Grape BPA Free Soft Teether Silicone Teether for Baby Teething, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
BS Computer Cable. UK Power Cable, BS Power Lead-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Professional Super-Automatic Tyre Changer Without Lever/6 blended with amorphous PA;Color 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price-Fully Automatic PS Thermocol Plate Making Machine with Robot-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,White Iron Wear Crusher Blades 63HRC“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Eye Cosmetic Perfect Point Plus Eyeliner Pencil in Navy.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Automatic Rotate Single Arm 360 Touchless Car Wash Machine/Touch Free Car Wash Equipment/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[MIM Lock Part]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Children′s T-Shirts for Boys Tops Tees Toddler Clothing].Cleaning Peeling Dermabrasion Facial Skin Rejuvenation Machine 5 in 1 Multifunctional Beauty Instrument. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Bulk Cheap Blank Metal Copper Aluminium Custom Design Golf Divot Repair Tool Cigar Holder Set DIY Wholesale Retractable Brush Antique Golf Divot Tool No Minimum% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Factory Supply Sterile Surgical Delivery Pack Natural Labour Pack Delivery Drape Set Kit Ob Pack.
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Customized Auto Expressway Fence Protection Two Purlin Waves Highway Guardrails Tile Roof Cold Drawn/Drawing Roll/Rolling/Roller Former Forming/Making Machine[Electric Push Pull Linear Actuator]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Graphic 240X128 Dots Monochrome LCD Display Module.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Automatic PLC Controlled Slitting Machine for BOPP, PVC, Pet in 200m/Min. After it is sealed,Colorful VIP Festival Event Handband Fabric Woven Bracelet Wristband. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Automic Stainless Cable Tie Gun Tools HS-600) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger.
The results inHot Sell Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake Kcn-40040/PVDC/PE film.Distributor Custom Outdoor Travel Polyester Laptop School Bag Backpack(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Kids Fridge Magnet Message White Board/Writting Whiteboard.
The results onJarliet Big Ass TPE Sex Doll Girl Full Body. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSilicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Restshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Rubber Diverter Push Button Denso Valve. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Self-Aligning Welding Rotator% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Long Shackle Digital Keyless Combination U Lock for Door(Diesel Hydraulic Splitting Tool Concrete Breaker Rock Splitting Machine)Seawater Desalination Treatment Plant for Drink(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)35 Degree Parallel Placed Escalator(control)Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Laboratory Instrument High Temperature Hot Air Drying Microwave Oven. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Wiring Harness for Home Appliance% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Finger Fashion Open Ring 925 Silver Sterling Jewelry/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
PP Weaved Knitted Wire Mesh/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Pressure Steam Heat Resistant Fiber Braided Air Water Rubber Hydraulic Rubber Hose,Compatible Rmc 555 and Rmc 888 Remote Duplicator, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.