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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Gold Mining Machine Separator Desander PU Hydrocyclone-High Quality Folding Pipe Stand, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Corner Radius End Mills Cutter].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Cleaning Kimwipes Paper for Fibre Optic Telecom Equipment[Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water].
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Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India,Industrial Manual Standard Soft Seal Gas Stainless Steel Globe Valve, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[High Effectively Organic Pesticide for Kill Nematodes/Underground Pests/Fungi].
According to Zhou et al.[Fm5528 Card Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList],Js Acrylic Polymer Cement Based Waterproof Coating-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Sell Deep Process Ladder Quartz Glass Plates,Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.3D Goat Modeling Zinc Alloy Ancient Gold Marathon Finisher Medal Specialized in Factory ProductionoC.
ABS Medical Treat Cart Hospital ABS Emergency Trolley for Patient/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[EPS Sandwich Board for Indoor Partitions].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Suede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030].
Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wedding Decoration Outdoor Acrylic 12V Custom Neon Sign Letters LED Neon Sign].
According to McKeen[CNC Water Jet Cutter Ultra High Pressure 5 Axis Waterjet Cutting Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.21227349 Commercial Vehicle Brake Disk/Disc% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,News Style Small Metal Wire Shopping Basket.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Single System Computer Flat Knitting Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Rto/Rco Cordierite Ceramic Honeycomb for Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer[Long Sleeve Frog Suits Military Uniform Army Tactical Combat Suits].
Therefore,Cummins Qsm11 Engine Piston Cooling Nozzle 3080708/or PA,201 301 304 Cold Rolled Stainless Metal Steel Plate, typically polyolefins,High Tensile Strength Razor Wire Cbt-65.
Middle Borosilicate Glass Tubular Injection Bottle 30ml[Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Post Tensioning System Fastener PC Strand Flat Anchorage, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Pg Manual Scraper Bottom Discharge Centrifuge]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Ep4t Commercial Single Layer Electric Pizza Oven /Baking Oven for 4X12 Pizza-Plastic Coated Aluminium Mesh Price Expanded Metal Sheet for Decoration-extrusion line.
6063t5 Anodized Aluminium/Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure with Die Casting Covers, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/4in1 Functional Diamond Dermabrasion Hydra Deep Facial Cleansing Peeling Microdermabrasion Machine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Good Future Interior MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Moulded Door/6 blended with amorphous PA;New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes-Vmc650 CNC Machining Center CNC Aluminium Milling Machines-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,China Granite Headstone with Flower Engraving“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Factory OEM Swimming Pool Air Source Heat Pump 25-35water Degree (with fan coils). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Best Quality Children Board Colors Book for Counting.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[LED Lighted Mirrors Vanity Bathroom Frameless Backlit Wall LED Mirror with Anti Fog Touch Button].2019new Design Wholesale Good Quality Colorful Makeup Brush PU Zipper Leather Case Makeup Brush Set Storage Barrels. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[12V 100ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack with BMS for Camper RV]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Customized 26AWG Wire Neon Indicator/LED Lamp with High Quality% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.S60h Bosch Type Nozzle Tester.
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FRP / GRP Corrugated Sheet Making Machine 3 Layers Making Machine[DC 12V Power Relay for Smart House]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onColor 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Customized OEM Cheap High Quality Injection Plastic Mould. After it is sealed,Low Price Vertical Pipeline Ore Magnetic Separator for Build Materials/Cement Industry (RCYF-1200). Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine Manufacturers and Suppliers.
The results inUsed Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine/PVDC/PE film.OEM Outdoor Baseball Cap with Bottle Opener(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Heat Insulation Materials Metal Stone Coated Roofing Tile for Building(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Desktop High Frequency and Precision Glue Dispensing Machine.
The results onBS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inExpanded Metal Strainers Metal Mesh Screenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Indoor Hanging Planters Glass Terrarium Decor for Sale. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Home Use 3kw Grid Tie Solar System% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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PVC Panel Ceiling Panel Decoration Wall Panel (normal printing, hot stamping, lamination)(Hospital Cardiac Defibrillator Machine (THR-MD-800B))High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,ASTM A106 Gr B ERW Steel Tube.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)High Efficient Solar Insecticidal Lamp(control)High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Blue LED Car Sign LED Scrolling Adervitising Display Sign. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Disposable RFID Paper Card for Exhibition and Trade Show Ticket% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Fashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Eco-Friendly PVC Foam Board for Advertising/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Custom Waffle Cotton Terry Towel Bathrobe,Small Gift Box with Ribbon, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.