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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958-Stainless Steel Carbon Steel Hollow Bolt M10, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Composite Toe Anti Smash Safety Shoes for Working].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Magnetic Mosquito Net Mesh. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Factory Price 6000 Series Industrial Extruded Aluminum Tube[Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food].
Factory Price Promotional Lightweight Folding Camping Hammock with Tassels & Cushions-tight and compact pack. The skin-Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China.Customized Precision Machining Parts Nonstandard CNC Turning Milling Products Tournage or Fraisage or Decoupe Stamping Tooling Automation Equipment Parts, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making].
Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing,Betaine HCl 98%Min Feed Grade, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge].
According to Zhou et al.[Heat Resistant Teflon Coated Fiberglass Fabric PTFE Material],8 Pin Waterproof Electric Plug Waterproof Male Female Connector-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Crane Type Wb2, 10r, 20r, 659 Teflon Bellows Mechanical Seal.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Auto Front and Rear Bumper for Corolla 2014 Car Bumper.,Tin Candy Cigarette Pencil Coffee Saffron Music Small Rectangle Tea Round Cookie Tobacco Square Metal Tin Box Production Line Making Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Auto Parts Oil Filter Lf670 for CumminsoC.
Dnv Classification Society Ship Services Anchor Chain/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Washami Manufacturer OEM Brands Teeth Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB].
Factory Round Enamel Cast Iron Casserole, Dia. 23cm Red Color(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)1200mAh Battery Mini Cooling Rechargeable Fan USB Fan. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap].
According to McKeen[ Steel Gasoline Chainsaw Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Waste Water Treatment Plant Paper Mill Industry Belt Press Sludge Dewatering Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,20W, 30W Recessed High Power LED Downlight.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Silicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Rest[Hydraulic Elbow Cold Forming Machine With Automatic Control].
Therefore,Superior Quality Customized Design Plastic Business Robot Cards/or PA,Taiwan Bronze Engraved Triathlon Finisher Challenge Sports Medal, typically polyolefins,Medical Hospital Blood Hematology Analyzer Cell Blood Count Machine.
Exterior Sport Court Light Soccer Football Court Light Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lights[Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Quality Folding Pipe Stand].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,550kg Mini Backhoe Excavator Digger Loader Trencher for Sale, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.China Factory Pneumatic Actuated High Temperature Ball Valve, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,150*64*37 mm Explosion Proof IP66 Mini Metal Aluminium Die Cast Junction Box-Automatic Plastic Cutlery Pillow Type Knife Fork Napkin Packing Machine-extrusion line.
Titan Avant Household Small Hydraulic Crawel 800 Kg Mini Excavator in Garden, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/China Round Transparent Glass 750ml Liquor Glass Bottle.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine, RF Fat Vacuum Ultrasonic Cavitation Body Slimming-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Luxury Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Fireproof Rigid Core Spc Click Flooring/6 blended with amorphous PA;2018 Hotsale Good Quality Aluminum Foil Paper for Kitchen Use-New and Professional Gold, Silver, Coin Metals Sourcing Detector, Pinpoint, Hunter Gold Metal Detector Tx-950-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Nmsafety TPR Sewing Anti-Impact Mechanic Gloves“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Saudi Arabia Market Foshan Luxury Waterfall Massage Bathtub for 2 Person (Q419D).
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Joylive Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Rsbm Compaction Wheel Backhoe for Sale/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Recycled Raw Paper Waste/ Making Paper Plate/ Egg Tray Machine Factory Price]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Corrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine].Automatic Control Apricot Shell Charcoal Carbonization Kiln Price. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Plain Color Polar Fleece Blanket with Binding Edge for Baby% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Small Manual Folding Walking Machine/Mini Treadmill.
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Red PU Heavy Duty Caster (P701-46D150X50Z)[15x47x14 Bearing Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Pneumatic Fluidizing Conveyor Medium The Woven Type Airslide Fabric Belt.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOutdoor LED Decorative Street Linear Wall Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Electro Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 12. After it is sealed,Ultrafine Classifying Particle Size 1.5um-25um FL Vertical Air Classifier. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (50t Maize Flour Making Machine for Sale) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High-Quality Clean Room Anti-Static Finger Gloves.
The results inTemperature and Humidity Controller/PVDC/PE film.Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Stainless Steel Socket Welding Flange(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable.
The results on15kv-35kv Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated Underground Urd Power Cable. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Moisture Balance 100g 0.001g Moisture Analyzer Moisture Meter(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,King Size Luxury White Goose Down Comforter. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Garment Accessories Clothing Label Custom Embroidered Patches(High Quality Rolamento Agulha Needle Roller Bearing HK1512 HK2020 HK2030 Bearing)Small Industrial Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Brass Landing Fire Hydrant Angle Valve L105.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)45W-80W Die-Casting Aluminum LED Street Light(control)3.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Speed Roofing Coil Nail Making Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%120 - 150 Deg C EPDM Rubber Steam Hose% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,OEM Foundry Aluminum Alloy Zl104 Die Casting with Powder Coating/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
4′x8′x3/4′ 18mm Melamine MDF Slatwall Panel for Display and Decoration/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid,Galvanized High Carbon Flat Steel Wire, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.