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1. Introduction
Temperature and Humidity Controller[Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist].Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Stainless Steel Socket Welding Flange-Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[OEM ODM Customized Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Power Tool Gear Housing].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,15kv-35kv Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated Underground Urd Power Cable. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Moisture Balance 100g 0.001g Moisture Analyzer Moisture Meter[3-Phase 96*96mm LCD Display Digital Multifunction Energy Meter].
King Size Luxury White Goose Down Comforter-tight and compact pack. The skin-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.321 310 310S Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction Building, a contour fit and neat appearance[Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom].
Garment Accessories Clothing Label Custom Embroidered Patches,Small Industrial Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[A1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil Roll]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Auto Feeding Mould Thermoformed Sheet Punch Die Cutting Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Wholesale Custom Printed LDPE Poly Diaper Carry Pouch Welded Handle Shopping Bag Bottom Gusset Expandable Bags with Logos Custom],Brass Landing Fire Hydrant Angle Valve L105-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)45W-80W Die-Casting Aluminum LED Street Light.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Speed Roofing Coil Nail Making Machine,120 - 150 Deg C EPDM Rubber Steam Hose, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.OEM Foundry Aluminum Alloy Zl104 Die Casting with Powder CoatingoC.
4′x8′x3/4′ 18mm Melamine MDF Slatwall Panel for Display and Decoration/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Fast Construction Prefab Light Steel Structure Metal Frame Warehouse Building].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Promotional Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest (EP-M1030)].
Jar Barrel Bucket Cap Seal Cover Making Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Clear Fused Silica Quartz Glass Crucible with Lid. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Thin Nozzle Tube for Piston Cooling Cylinder Chamber].
According to McKeen[China Factory Supplied High Strength Stud Link Anchor Chain]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Galvanized High Carbon Flat Steel Wire% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,EPC1 GEN2 Ucode7 Adhesive UHF Parking car Tracking RFID card.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Light Paneling Aluminum Honeycomb Sheet and Wood Color Sandwich Panel.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)H Frame Layer Battery Cage System[Fume Processing Equipment Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Therefore,Zhenyue Manufacturer OEM Plastic Plates and Cups Making Machines/or PA,High Quality HDPE Polyethylene Sheet, typically polyolefins,Playground Rubber Tiles, Outdoor Rubber Floor Tiles, Gym Rubber Flooring.
Ygw-023 180*67-D mm 100% Brand New Audio Amplifier Aluminum Housing[Glow Pigment for Painting]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ Industry].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,48V 10ah (1U) LiFePO4 Battery Pack/Telecommunication UPS Power Supply Battery, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Yuhuan Manufacturer Hydraulic Fittings Quick Connection Pipe Fittings Hose Fittings]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,304 316 316L Inox Square/Rectangular Tubes Stainless Steel Welded Pipe-35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck-extrusion line.
Original Mobile Phone Faster Charger Adapter for Huawei P9/P8 5V 2A, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/LED Projection Wall Washer Light IP65 Anti-Salt Fog 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Height and Angle, Adjustable, Overbed Table-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;S11 11kv Oil Immersed Distribution Transformer/6 blended with amorphous PA;Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456)-Raw Material Good Elastic Spandex Yarn for Baby Diaper-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,White Spaghetti Strap Hollow Chest off-Back Club Sexy Tight Dress“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Home Security HD 3.0MP Fisheye 360 Degree Panorama WiFi Vr Camera. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Wholesale Luxury Die Cut Cardboard Printed Swing Tag Hang Tags.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,China Manufacturer Custom Aluminum Machining/Milling CNC Machinery Parts/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Portable Folding Mini Bedside Staff Table in Bedroom/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ Pet in 200m/Min]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Premium Gift Complete Stainless Steel 6-Piece Cheese Knife Set].Engine Starter Motor for Honda Cr-V 2.4L L4 2002-06 (Lester17844). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Servo Control Incontinence Diaper Machine with Ce (CNK300-SV)(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Fabrication Automation Engineering Design CNC Precision Machining Aluminum Parts]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Stainless Steel with Grip Ring TPR Wheel Medium Duty Caster% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality 1.5 Inch 7mm 1 Galvanized Steel 1 Gi Pipe Price From China.
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Car Parts Clutch Master Cylinder for Navara 30610-Eb300[Bottom Gusset Plastic Postal Mailers Bags for Ebay and Amazon]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Seamless Steel Tubes for Auto Parts.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Steel Structure Roofing for Parking. After it is sealed,Garment/ Handbag Metal Hareware Sheet Metal Zipper Puller Zipper Slider. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (92% Alumina Ceramic Square Tile with Size 20X20X4mm) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,FRP Profile Made in China.
The results inFlat Face Stainless Steel Female Jic Quick Release Coupling/PVDC/PE film.XCMG 2018 New 1.3t/1.6t/1.8t/2t 3-Wheel Electric Forklift Truck for Sale(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Orange Car Seat Pocket PU Leather Car Console Side Organizer(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Design Company Custom ABS Plastic Concrete Injection Mold Molding Molds Housing for Electronic Devices.
The results onAutomatic Hermetic Sealing Door (HD01). These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Wood Planer Knives for Cutting Machine(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in6200 Series Waterproof Sealed Deep Groove Ball Bearing Zz/RSshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Quality Ladies Bag Fashionable Clutch Designers Leather Handbag. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Vacuum Suction Box with Fourdrinier Part Equipment
Plastic Blow Molding Moulding Making Machines Pet Bottle Oil Water Tank Can Made in China Pure Mineral Beverage Blowing Machine Price Machinery 3 to 5gallon(Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine)Alcohol/Ethanol Distillation Equipment Complete Alcohol/Ethanol Distillation Equipment(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Heavy Duty Hand Brake Winch with Stainless Steel.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)High Quality 29424 Spherical Roller Thrust Bearings(control)Custom Sizes Paper Cardboard Sliding Gift Packing Drawer Boxes. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Dynamic Cw-200 Belt Conveyor Check Weigher% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,12V 40A Universal Power Auto Relay with Wire Harness Socket/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Plastic Steel Pipe Pulgs Fit Large IDS (YZF-H347)/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Ozone Water Treatment Plant,Outdoor Exercise 1 2inch Kids Balance Bike with Ce/Children Cheap 2 in 1 Balance Bike Pedal Bicycle/2 Wheels Kids, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.