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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Glass Top Steel Leg Dining Room Table and Chairs Designs-Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Rubber Sealing Gasket Bonded Oil Seal for Motorcycle O Ring].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Good Quality Interlocking Church Chairs (JC-JT14). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,2019 China Factory New Model Sports Fitness Tracker Smart Watch Company Mode Waterproof Smartwatch[Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water].
Medical Instrument Radio Frequency Bipolar Electrodes-tight and compact pack. The skin-Anti-Bacterial Commercial Vinyl PVC Hospital Flooring.High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar, a contour fit and neat appearance[Q35y-20 Hydraulic Iron Worker Machine].
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According to Zhou et al.[Hydroponic Tomato Growers],Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Plush Wooden Pet Supplier Furniture Toys Cat Scratcher Tree Simple Luxury Indoor Cat Trees.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.New Easy Operation Industrial Conveyor System for Fertilizer Production Line,ASTM A53 Gr. B Schedule 40 Mild Steel Pipe/Carbon Steel Pipe/Black Steel Pipes, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.USB 3.1 Type-C to HDMI ConverteroC.
100% New Delco Remy Series Engine Starter Motor (OEM 19011506)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[EPS Sandwich Board for Indoor Partitions].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Suede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030].
4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hot Selling Table Top Fiber Laser Marking System Marking for Jewelry with Rotary. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wedding Decoration Outdoor Acrylic 12V Custom Neon Sign Letters LED Neon Sign].
According to McKeen[CNC Water Jet Cutter Ultra High Pressure 5 Axis Waterjet Cutting Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High Accuracy Capacitive GPS Tracking Fuel Level Sensor% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,65/74inch Floor Free Standing Totem Kiosk Indoor LED/LCD Advertising Digital Touch Display Screen.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Canada Natural Pastoralism Building Decorative Tiles Mosaic Wood Materials.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile[NBR Silicone Colored Rubber O-rings].
Therefore,H Frame 250 Ton Hydraulic Press Machine Price/or PA,Traffic Signal Directional Arrow Light Solar Mobile Trailer, typically polyolefins,Big Size Wall Mounted First Aid Cabinet with Glass Door.
Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65[Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Dongguan Manufacture 24K Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle Golden Beauty Bar, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Small Size Deep Groove Ball Bearing, Miniature Ball Bearing (616), and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Pg Manual Scraper Bottom Discharge Centrifuge]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Lh Ovulation Medical Diagnostic Test Kits-Fufeng Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Manufacturer Handmade Leather Kid Child Baby Shoes-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Wholesale Aluminum Business Travel Suitcase Briefcase Hard Case with Lock/6 blended with amorphous PA;Disposable PP Non-Woven Dry Wash Wipes Machine-Seamless Stainless Steel Round Tube with Standard A213/A269-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,2018 Eye Dropper Bottle Mini Pet Stretch Blow Molding Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Watch PVD Vacuum Ion Deposition Cathode Arc Evaporation Equipment. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Recreation Rotomold Fishing Kayak with Pedals, Ocean Kayak.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Best Price 1.4507/S32550/Alloy 2507 Stainless Steel Pipe/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[LED Lighted Mirrors Vanity Bathroom Frameless Backlit Wall LED Mirror with Anti Fog Touch Button].9s H8 Car Sport Auto LED Head Lamp. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[12V 100ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack with BMS for Camper RV]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers / DIN 6797/Toothed Lock Washer% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Aluminum CNC Machined Part for Health-Care/Fitness equipment.
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Gold Mining Machine Separator Desander PU Hydrocyclone[Lumenis Lightsheer Duet Laser]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Quality Folding Pipe Stand.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onColor 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Pressure PU Foaming Machine for Sale Polyurethane Foam Machinery.
The results inCopper Arched Fishing Flexible Floor Lamp for Living Room Dinning Room/PVDC/PE film.Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Industrial Manual Standard Soft Seal Gas Stainless Steel Globe Valve(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Js Acrylic Polymer Cement Based Waterproof Coating.
The results onDropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inExpanded Metal Strainers Metal Mesh Screenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 43D Goat Modeling Zinc Alloy Ancient Gold Marathon Finisher Medal Specialized in Factory Production% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes(Hospital Cardiac Defibrillator Machine (THR-MD-800B))Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,21227349 Commercial Vehicle Brake Disk/Disc.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)News Style Small Metal Wire Shopping Basket(control)Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Single System Computer Flat Knitting Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Rto/Rco Cordierite Ceramic Honeycomb for Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Cummins Qsm11 Engine Piston Cooling Nozzle 3080708/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
201 301 304 Cold Rolled Stainless Metal Steel Plate/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Middle Borosilicate Glass Tubular Injection Bottle 30ml,Post Tensioning System Fastener PC Strand Flat Anchorage, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.