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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,China Plush Wooden Pet Supplier Furniture Toys Cat Scratcher Tree Simple Luxury Indoor Cat Trees-New Easy Operation Industrial Conveyor System for Fertilizer Production Line, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[m.xinhaifurniture.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,ASTM A53 Gr. B Schedule 40 Mild Steel Pipe/Carbon Steel Pipe/Black Steel Pipes. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,USB 3.1 Type-C to HDMI Converter[4 Persons Small Size Home Lift Villa Passenger Elevator Without Machine Room].
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High Accuracy Capacitive GPS Tracking Fuel Level Sensor,65/74inch Floor Free Standing Totem Kiosk Indoor LED/LCD Advertising Digital Touch Display Screen, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[2.5qt Preseasoned Cast Iron Camping Stockpot Price China Factory].
According to Zhou et al.[Professional Design Yhzs60 Mobile Concrete Mixing Plant],Canada Natural Pastoralism Building Decorative Tiles Mosaic Wood Materials-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Construction Material Bathroom Wall Decoration Linear Glass Mosaic Tile.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.H Frame 250 Ton Hydraulic Press Machine Price,Traffic Signal Directional Arrow Light Solar Mobile Trailer, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Big Size Wall Mounted First Aid Cabinet with Glass DooroC.
Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Copy Paper A4a3 Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Sterile Disposable Blood Transfusion Set with 18g Needle].
Dongguan Manufacture 24K Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle Golden Beauty Bar(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Small Size Deep Groove Ball Bearing, Miniature Ball Bearing (616). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Logo Trendy Fashion Ladies Gift Quartz Wrist Watches].
According to McKeen[Galvanized High Carbon Flat Steel Wire]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Lh Ovulation Medical Diagnostic Test Kits% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Fufeng Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Dental Exam Isolation Safe/Medical Ce Bfe95 Bfe99 ISO13485 Fsc/Cfs 4ply Activated Carbon Nuisance Flu Mouth Face Mask with Elastic Earloops Eyeshield/Tie-on.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Large Foldable Collapsible Plastic Industry Pallet Container[Custom Jersey Basketball Mens Singlet].
Therefore,Manufacturer Handmade Leather Kid Child Baby Shoes/or PA,Wholesale Aluminum Business Travel Suitcase Briefcase Hard Case with Lock, typically polyolefins,Disposable PP Non-Woven Dry Wash Wipes Machine.
Seamless Stainless Steel Round Tube with Standard A213/A269[New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Orange Car Seat Pocket PU Leather Car Console Side Organizer].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2018 Eye Dropper Bottle Mini Pet Stretch Blow Molding Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Watch PVD Vacuum Ion Deposition Cathode Arc Evaporation Equipment, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rgbwauv 6in1 Pixel Waterproof LED Wall Washer Bar Club Light]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Recreation Rotomold Fishing Kayak with Pedals, Ocean Kayak-Best Price 1.4507/S32550/Alloy 2507 Stainless Steel Pipe-extrusion line.
20 FT/40FT Best Price Custom ISO Tank Cement Container, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/9s H8 Car Sport Auto LED Head Lamp.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
125.1kw New Type Scroll Compressor Industrial Water Cooled Chiller-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers / DIN 6797/Toothed Lock Washer/6 blended with amorphous PA;Aluminum CNC Machined Part for Health-Care/Fitness equipment-Custom Printed Shipping Wrapping Padded Kraft Paper Bubble Mailer Jiffy Bags / Bubble Envelope-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Gold Mining Machine Separator Desander PU Hydrocyclone“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Quality Folding Pipe Stand. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Wholesale Factory Cheap Elastic Slim Tights Women Leggings Yoga Leggings Compression Leggings.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Cleaning Kimwipes Paper for Fibre Optic Telecom Equipment/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dhg-9420A Electric Heating Blast Hot Air Drying Oven in Lab Instruments].High Pressure PU Foaming Machine for Sale Polyurethane Foam Machinery. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[3mm-12mm Digital Printing Glass]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Industrial Manual Standard Soft Seal Gas Stainless Steel Globe Valve.
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Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes[Children Hardcover Book Printing Services with Free Printing File Checking]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot Sell Deep Process Ladder Quartz Glass Plates.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStainless Steel/Carbon Steel/ Hexagon Socket Screw (M6). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
3D Goat Modeling Zinc Alloy Ancient Gold Marathon Finisher Medal Specialized in Factory Production. After it is sealed,ABS Medical Treat Cart Hospital ABS Emergency Trolley for Patient. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (200t Sliding Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press for Making Mixing Pot) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes.
The results inRetaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799)/PVDC/PE film.21227349 Commercial Vehicle Brake Disk/Disc(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,News Style Small Metal Wire Shopping Basket(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Single System Computer Flat Knitting Machine.
The results onRto/Rco Cordierite Ceramic Honeycomb for Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inFabric Upper Men Slippers Hike Sport Boys Sandalsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,201 301 304 Cold Rolled Stainless Metal Steel Plate. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4High Tensile Strength Razor Wire Cbt-65% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Middle Borosilicate Glass Tubular Injection Bottle 30ml
Post Tensioning System Fastener PC Strand Flat Anchorage(XCMG Official Manufacture Tractors Mini Tractor Construction Equipment Bulldozers Construction Machinery Backhoe Wheel Loader Towable Backhoe Site Dumpe)Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Ep4t Commercial Single Layer Electric Pizza Oven /Baking Oven for 4X12 Pizza.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Plastic Coated Aluminium Mesh Price Expanded Metal Sheet for Decoration(control)Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,6063t5 Anodized Aluminium/Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure with Die Casting Covers. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%4in1 Functional Diamond Dermabrasion Hydra Deep Facial Cleansing Peeling Microdermabrasion Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Good Future Interior MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Moulded Door/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Vmc650 CNC Machining Center CNC Aluminium Milling Machines,China Granite Headstone with Flower Engraving, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.