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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal-High Pressure PU Foaming Machine for Sale Polyurethane Foam Machinery, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[2019 Upgrade New Silicone Case Protective Cover for Apple Airpods PRO Tws Bluetooth Earphone Soft Silicone Cover for Airpods Protective Cases].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Copper Arched Fishing Flexible Floor Lamp for Living Room Dinning Room. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India[Wholesale Easy Takeaway Steak Bowl Plastic Steak Cups for Fast Food].
Industrial Manual Standard Soft Seal Gas Stainless Steel Globe Valve-tight and compact pack. The skin-Js Acrylic Polymer Cement Based Waterproof Coating.Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Manufacturer Direct Sell UV Birch Plywood Price for Die Making].
Hot Sell Deep Process Ladder Quartz Glass Plates,Em-F-B212 Copper Pipe Fitting 90 Degrees Elbow for Air-Conditioner, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge].
According to Zhou et al.[Custom Waterproof BNC Connector for Industry],3D Goat Modeling Zinc Alloy Ancient Gold Marathon Finisher Medal Specialized in Factory Production-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)ABS Medical Treat Cart Hospital ABS Emergency Trolley for Patient.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes,Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.21227349 Commercial Vehicle Brake Disk/DiscoC.
News Style Small Metal Wire Shopping Basket/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Washami Manufacturer OEM Brands Teeth Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB].
Single System Computer Flat Knitting Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Rto/Rco Cordierite Ceramic Honeycomb for Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Insulated Polar Fleece Football Scarf /Gloves /Beanie /Cap].
According to McKeen[ Steel Gasoline Chainsaw Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Cummins Qsm11 Engine Piston Cooling Nozzle 3080708% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,201 301 304 Cold Rolled Stainless Metal Steel Plate.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Tensile Strength Razor Wire Cbt-65.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Middle Borosilicate Glass Tubular Injection Bottle 30ml[Laminating Machine].
Therefore,Post Tensioning System Fastener PC Strand Flat Anchorage/or PA,Popular Metsoo Mining Equipment Stone Machine Jaw Crusher PE400X600/PE600X900 for Sale, typically polyolefins,Ep4t Commercial Single Layer Electric Pizza Oven /Baking Oven for 4X12 Pizza.
Plastic Coated Aluminium Mesh Price Expanded Metal Sheet for Decoration[Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Quality Folding Pipe Stand].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,6063t5 Anodized Aluminium/Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure with Die Casting Covers, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.4in1 Functional Diamond Dermabrasion Hydra Deep Facial Cleansing Peeling Microdermabrasion Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet-Good Future Interior MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Moulded Door-extrusion line.
New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Vmc650 CNC Machining Center CNC Aluminium Milling Machines.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
China Granite Headstone with Flower Engraving-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Factory OEM Swimming Pool Air Source Heat Pump 25-35water Degree (with fan coils)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Best Quality Children Board Colors Book for Counting-Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Baking Soda / Food Grade Sodium Bicarbonate“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-2019new Design Wholesale Good Quality Colorful Makeup Brush PU Zipper Leather Case Makeup Brush Set Storage Barrels. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-AISI316 AISI304 Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger / Apv Gea Replacement Parts.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Customized 26AWG Wire Neon Indicator/LED Lamp with High Quality/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,S60h Bosch Type Nozzle Tester/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Recycled Raw Paper Waste/ Making Paper Plate/ Egg Tray Machine Factory Price]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Corrugated Box Inclined Impact Testing Machine].Police Disposable Nylon66 Handcuff with Two Loop. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light.
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Low Price Vertical Pipeline Ore Magnetic Separator for Build Materials/Cement Industry (RCYF-1200)[Inflatable Pineapple Pool Float]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine Manufacturers and Suppliers.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOutdoor LED Decorative Street Linear Wall Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Desktop High Frequency and Precision Glue Dispensing Machine.
The results inBS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand/PVDC/PE film.Ceramic Fillers Partition Ring for Rto, Lessing Ring(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Indoor Hanging Planters Glass Terrarium Decor for Sale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Home Use 3kw Grid Tie Solar System.
The results on3D 5D Special PVC Leather Custom Car Accessory-Fit XPE EVA Car Floor Mats Liner Trunk Mats for Ranger Rover Mazada LC200 Audi. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Performance JS Polymer Modified Cement Waterproof Coating for Basements. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4ASTM A106 Gr B ERW Steel Tube% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Blue LED Car Sign LED Scrolling Adervitising Display Sign(High Quality Rolamento Agulha Needle Roller Bearing HK1512 HK2020 HK2030 Bearing)Disposable RFID Paper Card for Exhibition and Trade Show Ticket(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Fashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Eco-Friendly PVC Foam Board for Advertising(control)Used Tire Processing Machine Crumb Rubber Processing Machine Rubber Tyre Powder Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,for Ford Car Replica Alloy Wheel Foad Focus Replica Alloy Wheel Rim. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Custom Waffle Cotton Terry Towel Bathrobe% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Small Gift Box with Ribbon/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%3 Feet Fuel Line for 07-017 682039 791-682039 791682039 781-682039 B1ry22,Portable Plasma Cut CNC Machine for Cutting Metal/Carbon Steel/Brass/Aluminium, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.