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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding-High Visibility Red Safety Cheap Cargo Work Pants, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Alphabet Charms].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Automatic Food, Medicine, Face Mask, Cake, Busicuit, Glove, Hotel Supplies Flow Wrap Pillow Type Packing Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,UPVC Domestic Sewage and Rainwater Drainage Pipe UPVC Pipe Price[Plastic Coated Aluminium Mesh Price Expanded Metal Sheet for Decoration].
9, 000cph Strawberry Juice Canning and Seaming Production Line-tight and compact pack. The skin-Bright Anodized Aluminium Pipe, Various Surface Treatment Aluminium Tube (JC-P-50172).3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture, a contour fit and neat appearance[Servo Control Incontinence Diaper Machine with Ce (CNK300-SV)].
Collapsible Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straw Telescopic Straw with Case Brush,Shopping Carrier Packaging Paper Bag, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ RoHS/Ce/UL Certified]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Dr Double Flange Reinforced Steel Cable Bobbin].
According to Zhou et al.[Double Disc Check Valve],Professional Custom Fashion Metal Soft Enamel Badge for Individual Gift-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)150W Remote Control Outdoor Security Garden LED Solar Flood Light for Garden Lawn Landscape.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Strong Reclining Hydraulic Barber Chair for Sale,Chemical Reactor with Agitator Mixing Tank Reaction Kettle, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.IPL Shr Elight RF ND YAG Laser Ultrasound Cavitation Vacuum 3 in 1 Hair Removal Wrinkle Removal Beauty Salon Equipment IPL MachineoC.
Construction Machinery 4.0 T Wheel Loader (excavator partner) with Ce, Rops&Fops Cabin/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[P16 DIP Front Access RGB Outdoor Digital LED Billboards].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Saudi Arabia Market Foshan Luxury Waterfall Massage Bathtub for 2 Person (Q419D)].
Promotional Gel Mouse Pad with Wrist Rest (EP-M1030)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Bar Home Ice Maker Machine with Working Table. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Bright Anodized Aluminium Pipe].
According to McKeen[Customized Auto Expressway Fence Protection Two Purlin Waves Highway Guardrails Tile Roof Cold Drawn/Drawing Roll/Rolling/Roller Former Forming/Making Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.St Fiber Optic Adaptors% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,DIN 1480 Ce Galv Steel Cable Turnbuckles.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Flexible Arm 1000mm M3-M12 Pneumatic Tapping Machine, Electric Tapping Drilling Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Home Used Portable Fencing Aluminium Swimming Pool Safety Fence[HDMI to VGA Adapter Gold Plated 1080P Video Black HDMI Male to VGA Female Cable 15cm].
Therefore,Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy/or PA,720p Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS CCTV CMOS Camera Module, typically polyolefins,Sany Hg3333m Climbing Placing Boom.
Plastic Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine 4 Colors[Different Type Screw Water Chiller for Different Cooling Condition]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Chain Store Popular Patent Screen Window Mosquito Net].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Custom Printing 3X6 Aluminum Canopy Tent Gazebo Folding Tents with 600d Oxford Fabric Canopy, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Vacuum Acrylic Round Shape in Store LED Custom Letter Light Box, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Tire Recycling Grinding Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs-Swing Top 250ml 500ml 1000ml Clear Round Shape Glass Bottle for Wine-extrusion line.
Double Wall Tandem Square Rod Soft Closing Metal Drawer Box (TD601), ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/3 Axle 56cbm Heavy Duty LPG Truck LPG Tank Trailer.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;CNC Automatic Wire Cutting Machine Spring Forming Machine High Precision/6 blended with amorphous PA;Q195 Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Tube Galvanized Metal EMT Pipe-Golf Vehicles 4+2 Seater Electric Golf Cars (DG-C4+2)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,100% Virgin PP Material Folding Storage Box Fruit Crate Collapsible Cheapest Price Plastic Boxes“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163).
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Full Automatic Hydraulic Motor Drive CZ Purlin Roll Forming Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Panama Market Hot Sale Waterproof Fruit Cover Guava Growing Bag/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[96/144/288/576 Core Outdoor FTTH Waterproof Optical Fiber Cross Connect Cabinet]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Automatic Computerised UV Printing Machine (SPA Series)].100% Waterproof Wood Grain Rigid Core Vinyl Spc Floor. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Ductile Iron Universal Flexible Quick Flange Adaptor Dn400]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Fbwd-800 Micro Single Recorder HD Wide-Angle Night-Vision 170 Ultra-Thin Parking-Monitoring% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hot Selling Fast Delivery Support Multi-Language Persian TV Box to Watch Free TV.
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Heated Lunch Box/ Food Insulation Plastic Box/Heat Preservation Plastic Box[Industrial Grades Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC Chemical]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Black 6.35mm Mono Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onPet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Synthetic Turf for Football Soccer Badminton Sports (TT). After it is sealed,Muiltple Shape Silicone Lace Coating Machine (LX-ST03). Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Nootropic Drug Powder Sunifiram 314728-85-3 for Improving Brain) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine.
The results in360 Degree Rotate Auto Rewinding Retractable Data Cord Reel/PVDC/PE film.Double-Sided High Quality 100% Silk Eye Mask Comfortable Patch Princess Lace Sleep Mask Custom Logo(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material.
The results on1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHigh Quality A3/A4 Sublimation Paper for T-Shirts Printingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,12inch 15W Solar Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Battery System (SN2013014). The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Plastic Window Screen Pass with SGS and Ce% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Women Customized Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Clothes (19-335)(FRP Models FRP Crafts FRP Products)Chinese Suppliers Folding Automatic Tissue Napkin Paper Making Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,PVC/CPVC Pressure Pipe with Competitive Price.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds(control)Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Combined Glass Door Island Deep Chiller Blast Freezer for Fish. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Tooth Whitening Cleaning Fluoride Free Day Toothpaste Charcoal% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Luzhong 100HP 4X4 Four Wheel Drive Agriculture / Farm Tractor/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Quality Royal Gold Chaivari Wedding Chair with Cushion,High Pressure Pipe for Engine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.