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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hypodermic Needle 18g Puncture Needle-Outdoor P8mm Full Color LED Advertising Display Sign, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Window Curtain Fabric (Heating Reflective Fabric)].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,2 Way Mini 1/2′′ Dn15 Plastic Motorized Flow Control Ball Valve[Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700].
Hydro Wood Pellet Stove with Boiler /Jacket 20kw Free Standing Can Be Connected to Water Heating Radiators-tight and compact pack. The skin-Good Quality Vertical Turret Milling Machine for Metal Processing Zx7550c.M16 Industrial Electric Auto Nuts Tapping Machine Cx-6532, a contour fit and neat appearance[New Leather Handbag Fashion Colorful Studded Women Tote Bags Emg4882].
CNC Metal Plastic Parts/Mechanical Precision Machining Parts/Stainless Steel/Aluminium Parts Machining/Machine Parts/CNC Turning/Milling/CNC Machining Part,Low Density Cleaner for Paper Mills Pulping Line, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Flat Thread Rolling Die].
According to Zhou et al.[Steel Pipe Outer Shot Blasting Machine Rust Removing],Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)1000mg Water and Air Ozone Generator Smoke Remover Purifier.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Frequency Circular Vibrating Screen,Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Staple Binding School Cute Exercise BookoC.
Shanghai Lingtech ESD Garment Cleanroom Lint Free Microfiber Gloves/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine].
High Precision Custom Made Metal Part Machining(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Decoration. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper].
According to McKeen[35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.3kw Solar Panel Hybrid Power Inverter with MPPT Controller for Home Solar System% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,DMX Control Winch LED Kinetic Light DMX LED Lifting Tube.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Premium Gift Complete Stainless Steel 6-Piece Cheese Knife Set.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hot Sale HD MD980asd Wireless Intraoral Camera with SD Card Storage[Factory Price LED Programmable Moving Messages LED Sign for Shops/Clubs/Stores].
Therefore,C-Z quick interchangeable purlin rolling forming machine/or PA,China Wholesale Cheap Price Watermelon Seeds Kernels, typically polyolefins,Black Graduation Honor Cord.
3 in 1 Holster Phone Case, Mobile Phone Kickstand Cover Shell for Huawei Y3 2017 Belt Clip Holster Case[Private Label Activates Cellular Regeneration Emulsion Beauty Skin Care]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Professional Pet Dryer (DY-902), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Durable Rubber Flooring Roll for Gym with En1177 Certificated, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality Nootropic Drug Powder Sunifiram 314728-85-3 for Improving Brain-Food Grad Thickeners Emulsifiers CMC for Jelly and Bread-extrusion line.
Portable Solar Panel for Charging 12V Battery with TUV, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/A1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil Roll.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Customized Fabric Embroidery Patch National Flag-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Plastic Granules Twin Screw Extruder for Sale/6 blended with amorphous PA;LED Photon Light Therapy RF EMS Skin Rejuvenation Machine-High Insulating BMC Motor Terminal Plate (Y2 General)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality Men Velvet Loafer Shoes for Casual Flat Shoe“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Us Standard Smart WiFi Remote Control Touch Electrical Fan Switch. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Recycled Raw Paper Waste/ Making Paper Plate/ Egg Tray Machine Factory Price.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,(PC100E) Handheld Patient/Vital Sign Monitor with Etco2/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Stainless Steel Chocolate Ball Mill Conche Machine with BV Assessment/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Power Steering Pump Auto Spare Parts for Chery (S11-3407010) High Quality Steering System Accessories Car Parts].Custom Stamping Parts /CNC Machining Parts/Metal Fabrication. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Double Side Aluminum Foil Coated Non-Woven Fabric Roofing/Duct Vapor Barrier/Heat Resistance Insulation% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Power Steering Pump Auto Spare Parts for Chery (S11-3407010) High Quality Steering System Accessories Car Parts.
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Automatic Stainless Steel Tomato Paste Making Machine[Laminated Fabric For Upholstery]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Big Bucke Pattern Sisal Carpet Cat Pets.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dump Truck HOWO Tipper Truck 25ton Capacity Sinotruk Truck.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
(VLU200644) Slewing Ring Bearing for Wind Turbine. After it is sealed,Tr90 Light Weight Colorful Sun Glasses Multi Color UV400 Cat Eye Fashion Sunglasses for Women. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Diamond Cutting Tools/Carbide Turning Inserts for CNC Machine Lathe Tool) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dump Truck HOWO Tipper Truck 25ton Capacity Sinotruk Truck. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Hot Sales Dlc ETL cETL CREE Chip 80W Street Lamp Retrofit Kit.
The results inDimmable ETL Dlc LED IP65 High Bay Industrial Lighting/PVDC/PE film.Through Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blasting Machine for Steel Plate De-Rust(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Factory Customized Professional CNC Machining Stainless Steel Forging Flange(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dump Truck HOWO Tipper Truck 25ton Capacity Sinotruk Truck. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,FM UL Certificate Grooved Coupling Concentric & Eccentric Reducer Mill..
The results onFactory Direct Sale Army Green Costume Military Ceremonial Uniform. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dump Truck HOWO Tipper Truck 25ton Capacity Sinotruk Truck. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inRestore Skin and Improve Elasticity Yeast Beta Glucan Powdershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Health Care Products Cheap Refillable Vape Disposable Pod Device with Different Flavors. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Water Saving Wheat Starch Centrifuge Sieve Wheat Starch Plant% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dump Truck HOWO Tipper Truck 25ton Capacity Sinotruk Truck. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Modular Plug 10p10c(Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks)Customized Aluminum Alloy LED Lamp Cover&Shell(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,International Standard Jacketed Glass Lined Chemical Reactor.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Aluminum Stage Truss for Hanging Sound/Line Array/Audio(control)Dump Truck HOWO Tipper Truck 25ton Capacity Sinotruk Truck. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Natural Veneer Plywood for Kitchen. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel/ Hexagon Socket Screw (M6)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Methallyl Alcohol Ether/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
UV Curing System 385nm 800W UV Printing for Ink Curing/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Performance Aluminum 6061 Aircraft CNC Machining/Machine/Machinery Parts,Concrete Admixture with Polycarboxylic Acidpowder Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer for Concrete Admixture Polycarboxylate High Performance Water Reducing Admi, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.