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1. Introduction
Amazon Ebay′s Choice PVC Coated or Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Wire Mesh for Poultry (HWM)[Cleaning Peeling Dermabrasion Facial Skin Rejuvenation Machine 5 in 1 Multifunctional Beauty Instrument].CNC Highlight Machine /Chamfering Machine/Milling Machine for Glass, Metal, Aluminum, Acrylic Processing.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Duct Tape / Cloth Tape with Various Sizes-Quality Assured Motorcycle Spark Plug (D8TC), and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Fernented Black Garlic].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hot Sell Nonwoven EVA Shoe Sole Hot Stenter Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Matte Dye Printing PP synthetic paper PP Paper for Roll[NPT Male Hydraulic Hose Fitting 15610].
Rechargeable 32700 4s10p 12.8V 50ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack-tight and compact pack. The skin-304, 316 Stainless Steel Wire Rope 7X7.Hero Brand Glass Dropper Salt Weighing Dry Spice Powder Automatic Liquid Paste State Filling Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Chinese Supplier Good Price Exquistie Craftsmanship Plastic Reamer].
Chinese Herb Fevervine/Paederia Foetida Extract Powder,Light Steel House, Sandwich Panel Prefab Kit Home, Studio Office, Shed, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Retaining Ring & Circlip (DIN471/DIN472/DIN6799)].
According to Zhou et al.[Tube Filter],Full Ceramic Cartridge with Ceramic Drip Tip Ceramic Coil Cartridge Vape Cartridges for Preheat 510 Thread Battery-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Automatic Computerised UV Printing Machine (SPA Series).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Lithium/Li-ion/LiFePO4 Pouch Battery Cell 3.2V 25ah 3c,China Supplier 20t Steel Coil Railway Transfer Vehicle, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fleece Balaclava Hat Hooded Neck Warmer Winter Sports Face Mask Gray BlackoC.
Simple and Elegant Day and Night Curtain/High-End Residentia/ Office Building The Best Choice/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Mobile Trolley Optional 12 Inch Fetal Heart Monitor].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Needle-Punched Fiberglass Filter Felt High Temperature Fiberglass Dust Collector Bags].
China Toothpaste Mixing Dispenser Making Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Kukai 2019 Hot Sale China High Security Used Key Code Cutting Machine Professional Sec-E9 Automatic Duplicate Car Key Cutting Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Supplier Precision CNC Milling Clear Anodized Al 6061 Machine Parts].
According to McKeen[Full-Automation Lemon Juice Production Line/Processing Line]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Black Cardboard Packing Box for Wholesale% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Cheap CCTV 1080P Metal Small Indoor Mini IP69K Hidden Vehicle Camera for Bus/Taxi.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Ipg/Raycus High Power Metals Laser Cutter with All Kinds of Working Area.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Horizontal Cutting Machine Sponge Cutting Machine EPE Rebond Polyurethane Foam Sheet Cutting Machine[Intelligent Furniture Turnkey PCB Assembly PCBA].
Therefore,K-Cup Coffee Powder Filling Sealing Machine K-Cup Packing Machine/or PA,Hot Sale Knee Type Vertical Milling Machine for Sale (X5036), typically polyolefins,High Power 15kw Home Solar Panel Kit on Grid Tie.
Shenzhen Wholesale New Products Health Cigarette New Nic Salt Devices[Heavy Duty Canvas Bolt Bag with Steel D-Rings and Side Release Top Closure System]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Farmer Nutural Fedora Trilby Hollow Grass Straw Man Hat].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,China Manufacture Brass Toilet Angle Valve, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Garden Machine Fruit Picking Manual Garden Tool Fruit Picker, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Food Grad Thickeners Emulsifiers CMC for Jelly and Bread]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Hot Sale Motor Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil-Shengya Brand Cable Conductor and Power Conveyor Electric Concrete Pole Making Machine-extrusion line.
Aquarium Bacterial House for Koi Pond Filter, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Fiberglass FRP L Angle Profile/Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pultrusion Profile.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Natural Wood Rotary Cutting Veneer (Bintangor, Okoume, PLB, SH, Poplar)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Carbon Stick Welding Electrodes E6013&E7018 Stone Bridge Brand/6 blended with amorphous PA;Hot Sale Custom Women Yoga Pants Fitness Sports Leggings-Solenoid Control Valve for Water and Pneumatic, CE1674 Approved-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-3 Channel Outdoor Rubber Cable Tray. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-High Quality High Voltage 3-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 300mm^2.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,1j117 Cold Rolled and Hot Rolled Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,3D Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Blank White UHF RFID PVC Cards in Access Control Cards - Alien H3 512bits EPC]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Heart-Shaped Chocolate Silicone Mold Candy Mold Ice Baking Mould Heart Shape Moulds].Needle Punched Filament Polyester Geotextile for Filter. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Water Fountain Granite Hand Carved Fountain(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Factory Wholesale Cheap Price Low MOQ Screen Printed Paper Brand Name Logos Swing Hang Tags.
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Copy Paper A4a3 Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper Tissue Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine[4 Night Monocular]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Custom Metal Enclosure Steel Cabinet Metal Server Rack.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onDimmable ETL Dlc LED IP65 High Bay Industrial Lighting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Agricultural Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Self Propelled Sprayer High Ground Space Sprayer. After it is sealed,CE, TUV, Australia Certificate Cop4.28 Domestic Using Tankless220V 3kw, 5kw, 7kw, 9kw R410A Max 60deg. C Sanitary Hot Water Heat Pump. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Speed Automatic Servo Control Carton Box Folder Gluer and Stapler.
The results in100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste/PVDC/PE film.Manufacturer High Purity Gold Plated Tungsten Wire(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Komatsu Pilot Pedal Valve Machinery Parts for Excavator PC200-7 PC300-8(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,High Security and High Comfort Design Concept for Small Machine Room Passenger Home Elevator.
The results onHot Dipped Galvanized Zinc Coated Gi Wire Rod Gauge 8. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Hypodermic Needle 18g Puncture Needle(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohmshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Outdoor P8mm Full Color LED Advertising Display Sign. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Hydro Wood Pellet Stove with Boiler /Jacket 20kw Free Standing Can Be Connected to Water Heating Radiators(High Speed Semi-Servo Baby Diaper Pad Machine (YNK400-HSV))Good Quality Vertical Turret Milling Machine for Metal Processing Zx7550c(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,M16 Industrial Electric Auto Nuts Tapping Machine Cx-6532.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)CNC Metal Plastic Parts/Mechanical Precision Machining Parts/Stainless Steel/Aluminium Parts Machining/Machine Parts/CNC Turning/Milling/CNC Machining Part(control)Water Treatment Stainless Steel Bag Filter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Low Density Cleaner for Paper Mills Pulping Line. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,1000mg Water and Air Ozone Generator Smoke Remover Purifier/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
High Frequency Circular Vibrating Screen/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Staple Binding School Cute Exercise Book,Shanghai Lingtech ESD Garment Cleanroom Lint Free Microfiber Gloves, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.