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1. Introduction
Sinotruk 6X4 38m Concrete Boom Pump Truck[Mini Dual-Use Thermal Imaging Camera Portable Rifle Scope Infrared Monocular Night Vision Camera for Hunting].Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Carrier Roller for Sany Excavator-Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Tube Pipe Mill].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,HDG Bike Rack Fence Portable Fence for Concert. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan[High Power Aluminium IP66 Solar Lightings 60W/100W/150W/200W LED Street Light Solar Lamp Solar Street Light Outdoor Wall Light].
Black Straight Cocktail Drinking Straws Paper Straw-tight and compact pack. The skin-Outdoor Concert Laser RGB 30W Laser Light Waterproof.Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag, a contour fit and neat appearance[DMX Control Winch LED Kinetic Light DMX LED Lifting Tube].
Power Tools Accessory ( Switch for Hitachi DU 10 Electric Drill),UV&HEPA Household Air Purifier Removable (room ioniser), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hexarelin 2mg Examorelin CAS 140703-51-1 for Anti Aging]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Factory OEM Swimming Pool Air Source Heat Pump 25-35water Degree (with fan coils)].
According to Zhou et al.[White Oak Parquet Flooring],College Wind Backpack Male Korean Version Trend Canvas Backpack Student Bag Laptop Bag Leisure Travel Pack-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958,Stainless Steel Carbon Steel Hollow Bolt M10, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Magnetic Mosquito Net MeshoC.
Factory Price 6000 Series Industrial Extruded Aluminum Tube/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Brass Hollow Rivet].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Double Bowl Drainboard Handmade Sink].
Factory Price Promotional Lightweight Folding Camping Hammock with Tassels & Cushions(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Latest Design Jewelry Men Ring New Model 925 Silver CZ Ring.].
According to McKeen[100ml Total 12 Anticavity Fluoride & Antigingivitis Maxfresh Toothpaste]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Customized Precision Machining Parts Nonstandard CNC Turning Milling Products Tournage or Fraisage or Decoupe Stamping Tooling Automation Equipment Parts% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Betaine HCl 98%Min Feed Grade.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)8 Pin Waterproof Electric Plug Waterproof Male Female Connector[Miniature Universal Joint].
Therefore,Crane Type Wb2, 10r, 20r, 659 Teflon Bellows Mechanical Seal/or PA,Auto Front and Rear Bumper for Corolla 2014 Car Bumper., typically polyolefins,Tin Candy Cigarette Pencil Coffee Saffron Music Small Rectangle Tea Round Cookie Tobacco Square Metal Tin Box Production Line Making Machine.
Auto Parts Oil Filter Lf670 for Cummins[2t@6m Hydraulic Pedestal Crane Folding Boom Crane Telescopic Marine Crane]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Manufacturer Handmade Leather Kid Child Baby Shoes].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Dnv Classification Society Ship Services Anchor Chain, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Factory Round Enamel Cast Iron Casserole, Dia. 23cm Red Color, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,1200mAh Battery Mini Cooling Rechargeable Fan USB Fan-Waste Water Treatment Plant Paper Mill Industry Belt Press Sludge Dewatering Machine-extrusion line.
20W, 30W Recessed High Power LED Downlight, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Silicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Rest-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Superior Quality Customized Design Plastic Business Robot Cards/6 blended with amorphous PA;Taiwan Bronze Engraved Triathlon Finisher Challenge Sports Medal-Medical Hospital Blood Hematology Analyzer Cell Blood Count Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Exterior Sport Court Light Soccer Football Court Light Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lights“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-550kg Mini Backhoe Excavator Digger Loader Trencher for Sale. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-China Factory Pneumatic Actuated High Temperature Ball Valve.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,150*64*37 mm Explosion Proof IP66 Mini Metal Aluminium Die Cast Junction Box/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Automatic Plastic Cutlery Pillow Type Knife Fork Napkin Packing Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[200n Tooling Box Cap Gas Lift Strut with Plastic Ball]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory].Titan Avant Household Small Hydraulic Crawel 800 Kg Mini Excavator in Garden. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.China Round Transparent Glass 750ml Liquor Glass Bottle(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Custom Heat Shrink Sleeve Label for Bottle&Can Packing]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Multifunction Ultrasound Cavitation Face Slimming Weight Loss Machine, RF Fat Vacuum Ultrasonic Cavitation Body Slimming% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Luxury Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Fireproof Rigid Core Spc Click Flooring.
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New and Professional Gold, Silver, Coin Metals Sourcing Detector, Pinpoint, Hunter Gold Metal Detector Tx-950[Indoor Kid Swing Hammock]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Nmsafety TPR Sewing Anti-Impact Mechanic Gloves.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onReusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Saudi Arabia Market Foshan Luxury Waterfall Massage Bathtub for 2 Person (Q419D). After it is sealed,Joylive Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Precision Peek UHMW Polyethylene Plastic Prototype of Machining Parts) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Rsbm Compaction Wheel Backhoe for Sale.
The results inAutomatic Control Apricot Shell Charcoal Carbonization Kiln Price/PVDC/PE film.ANSI Threaded Rod Zinc Plated HDG Black Class 6(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Plain Color Polar Fleece Blanket with Binding Edge for Baby(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Small Manual Folding Walking Machine/Mini Treadmill.
The results onSalon Use Instrument Fat Freezing Machine Slimming. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inToilet Roll Tissue Wrapping Machine with Auto - Countingshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Pneumatic Fluidizing Conveyor Medium The Woven Type Airslide Fabric Belt. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 43.5mm Weave Braided Fabric Cord Earphone with Mic for iPhone 6 Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Edege S6 Note 5 S5 HTC Smart Phone% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Ultrafine Classifying Particle Size 1.5um-25um FL Vertical Air Classifier(X Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA))High-Quality Clean Room Anti-Static Finger Gloves(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Temperature and Humidity Controller.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Weight Loss Woman Gym Vest Neoprene Yoga Suit(control)Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Stainless Steel Socket Welding Flange. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Superlink Rg59 Siamese Cable / Rg 59 Coaxial+2c Power Cable for CCTV Cable% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,15kv-35kv Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated Underground Urd Power Cable/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Moisture Balance 100g 0.001g Moisture Analyzer Moisture Meter/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function,321 310 310S Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction Building, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.