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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,MIM Lock Part, Made of Stainless Steel Material-Mini Cement Mortar Concrete Pump Piston Grouting Deliverying Pump, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Blue Tooth For Helmet].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Wireless Remote Control Switch with Learning Code Fixed Code Rolling Code Optional (ES-K103X). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,24cavities Hot Runner Plastic Cosmetic Cap Injection Mould[Alkaline Resistant Fiberglass Mesh Fabric for South Korean Market].
Ferric Chloride 96~98% for Water Treatment-tight and compact pack. The skin-Latest Fashionable Ladies PU Shoulder and Waist Bag Leather Handbags.China Supplier Professional High Precision Compression Mould, a contour fit and neat appearance[Blank Yg8n Pump Seals Ring Hard Metal on Sales].
Stainless Steel Filter Cartridge for catalyst recovery in petrochemical/chemical industries,Bluesmart Integrated Outdoor Solar Garden Luminaire with Motion Sensor, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cheap Loader Xt860 Backhoe Loader with Digger]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5kw 13HP Key Start Brush with AVR Copper Wire Pertol Generator].
According to Zhou et al.[Hospital Medical Waste Incineration Stove],Hot Sale Hydraulic Hose Ferrules-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Mobile Trolley Optional 12 Inch Fetal Heart Monitor.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Patient Warming Blanket for Surgery,Unique Engagement Stainless Steel Finger Rings, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Disposable Kraft Paper Soup Bowl with LidoC.
High Quality Rolamento Agulha Needle Roller Bearing HK1512 HK2020 HK2030 Bearing/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Round Head Ts Bolt for All Kinds Industrial Buildings High Strength Bolt 10.9s Grade].
Engine Parts Normal Spark Plug 90919-01164 K16r-U11 for Toyota(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Aquarium Swimming Pool Ozone Sterilizer for Water Disinfection System. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[24cavities Hot Runner Plastic Cosmetic Cap Injection Mould].
According to McKeen[Black Luxury Custom Logo Wig Magnetic Closure Foldable Rigid Cardboard Paper Hair Extension Packaging Gift Box]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.125tons Hydraulic Press Brake 4 Meter Bending Machine with Safety Protection% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Efficient Powder Coating Line with Manual Spray Booth.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/3mm/4mm/5mm APP Waterproof Membrane Aluminum Foil Surface Polyester Reinforced.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Waterproof Custom Design Printed Packing Colored Cloth Duct Tape[Bow Shackle 5/16 Gold].
Therefore,SGS Certificated Transparent BOPP Adhesive Tape Carton Sealing Packing Tape/or PA,Sterile Disposable Blood Transfusion Set with 18g Needle, typically polyolefins,Single Phase Digital Electric Power Meter.
Dotting Printing Plastic PVC Ink for Socks Manufacture Automatic Socks PVC Dotted Screen Printing Machinery Printing Machine for Silicone 3D Logo and Dotted[Lvyuan China Manufacturer Granular Powder Coconut Shell /Coal Based /Bamboo Activated Carbon Price Per Ton for Water Treatment]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Cheap Price Classic Kids Injection Canvas School Shoes Casual Shoes (HH0427-8), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Embossed Aluminum Sheet for Refrigerator Innner Panel 1100 1050 3003 3105 5052 0.4mm 0.6mm 0.8mm, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H2322)-Widely Use Custom Printed Alu Foil for Food Packaging, Food Packaging Aluminium Foil Paper-extrusion line.
Black Luxury Custom Logo Wig Magnetic Closure Foldable Rigid Cardboard Paper Hair Extension Packaging Gift Box, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/150ml 5 Oz Plastic Bottle, White Plastic Pet Cylinder Round Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer & Overcap for Perfume, Pure Dew China Manufacturer.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Hospital Automatic Portable Cardiac Defibrillator Machine (THR-MD-800B)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Best Price High Quality New Type IEC Cee Industrial Connector 32A 3p+N+E IP67/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wireless Rear View Camera Reversing Backup Camera Kit for Truck-Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Integral Drill Rod Hex22 for Mining Tools. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-200W Portable Solar Panel for Motorhome.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Interior Wall Decorative Wood Color Laminated Plastic Bathroom PVC Ceiling Panels/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[MIM Lock Part]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Children′s T-Shirts for Boys Tops Tees Toddler Clothing].Child Sport Shoes Kid Shoe Sport Shoe China and Casual Shoes. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Outdoor LED Decorative Street Linear Wall Lighting% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.120ml Plastic as Skin Care Packing Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFashion Birthday Gift Paper Business Gift Box Wrapping Paper DIY Handmade Package Book Paper. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Selling Wood Peeling / Working / Peeling Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Selling Wood Peeling / Working / Peeling Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,4lz-4.5 Small Grain Tank Manual Operation Rice Combine Harvester.
The results inGold Hot Stamping Foil Film for Fabric/Packing Materials/PVDC/PE film.Sealed Glass Storage Jars Glass Condiment Bottle 50/180/380/480ml(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,2.5qt Preseasoned Cast Iron Camping Stockpot Price China Factory(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Selling Wood Peeling / Working / Peeling Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,High Efficiency Stand Alone Home Solar Battery Power Energy Systems Guangzhou.
The results onDiamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Selling Wood Peeling / Working / Peeling Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSilicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Restshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,HDI PCB with High Tg Material and Green Solder Mask Prototype. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Custom Restaurant Sofa and Table Set Booth Seating with Buttons (HD656)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Selling Wood Peeling / Working / Peeling Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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New Custom Design Soft 3D Rubber PVC Patch Hook Patch(Diesel Hydraulic Splitting Tool Concrete Breaker Rock Splitting Machine)Suede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Tension Us Type Grooved Closed Wire Rope Socket.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)TPR Iq Training Bite Pet Rubber Dog Toy(control)Hot Selling Wood Peeling / Working / Peeling Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Quality Guaranteed Centrifugal Double Suction Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Modern Geometric Style Custom Made Circles Pattern Dining Room Area Rugs Under Table% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,2000W Pure Sine Wave Power Inverter DC 12V AC 220V/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Non Adhesive Memo Cube/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Forged Steel Bimetal Strip Steam Trap,Prefab Light Garage Steel Structure Buildings for Sale, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.