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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Golf Vehicles 4+2 Seater Electric Golf Cars (DG-C4+2)-100% Virgin PP Material Folding Storage Box Fruit Crate Collapsible Cheapest Price Plastic Boxes, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Nissan Np300 2015 Front Bumper Guard].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Fancy Veneer Plywood. Natural Veneer Plywood for Furniture. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163)[Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700].
Full Automatic Hydraulic Motor Drive CZ Purlin Roll Forming Machine-tight and compact pack. The skin-Panama Market Hot Sale Waterproof Fruit Cover Guava Growing Bag.100% Waterproof Wood Grain Rigid Core Vinyl Spc Floor, a contour fit and neat appearance[New Leather Handbag Fashion Colorful Studded Women Tote Bags Emg4882].
Hottest Ce Approval LED Photon Therapy Medical Removable for Skin Rejuvenation Black Spots Removal Beauty Machine,Fbwd-800 Micro Single Recorder HD Wide-Angle Night-Vision 170 Ultra-Thin Parking-Monitoring, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Flat Thread Rolling Die].
According to Zhou et al.[Luxury Perfume Bottle],Hot Selling Fast Delivery Support Multi-Language Persian TV Box to Watch Free TV-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)28t Landing Gear.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Heated Lunch Box/ Food Insulation Plastic Box/Heat Preservation Plastic Box,Black 6.35mm Mono Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Children′s Toys Electric DC Motor 12V /24V with Good QualityoC.
Synthetic Turf for Football Soccer Badminton Sports (TT)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine].
Muiltple Shape Silicone Lace Coating Machine (LX-ST03)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper].
According to McKeen[35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.360 Degree Rotate Auto Rewinding Retractable Data Cord Reel% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Double-Sided High Quality 100% Silk Eye Mask Comfortable Patch Princess Lace Sleep Mask Custom Logo.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Gi Gl Steel Coils with Beautiful Spangle, Galvanized Coil for Construction Material[Air Conditioner Filter Mesh].
Therefore,1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure/or PA,Precision Prototype Motorcycle Plastic Injection Cushion Mold Making, typically polyolefins,12inch 15W Solar Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Battery System (SN2013014).
Plastic Window Screen Pass with SGS and Ce[Private Label Activates Cellular Regeneration Emulsion Beauty Skin Care]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Sport Scarf Custom High Quality Woven Football Fan Scarf Soccer, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Women Customized Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Clothes (19-335), and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Chinese Suppliers Folding Automatic Tissue Napkin Paper Making Machine-PVC/CPVC Pressure Pipe with Competitive Price-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Tooth Whitening Cleaning Fluoride Free Day Toothpaste Charcoal-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Luzhong 100HP 4X4 Four Wheel Drive Agriculture / Farm Tractor/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Quality Cross Type Razor Barbed Wire Fence-Non - Smell Fiber Reinforced PVC Garden Hose-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality Royal Gold Chaivari Wedding Chair with Cushion“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Pressure Pipe for Engine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Eco Friendly Rice Stand up Pouch Bag with Window Block Bottom Plastic Bags for Flour.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Top Quality for Cable Shielding Single Sided Insulation Aluminium Foil/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,China Printing Manufacture Wholesale Low Cost Cardboard Children Book China/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Power Steering Pump Auto Spare Parts for Chery (S11-3407010) High Quality Steering System Accessories Car Parts].Electric Fabric and Non Woven Fabric Roll Slitting Machine (FQ-1600). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,P2 P5 LED Display Electrical Control System% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.China OEM Precision CNC Machining Transmission Shafts for Auto Part.
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Ce Approved Hoist HS Code 6t Manual Lever Pulley Block[Hot Selling 2 in 1 Steam Hair Straightener Hair Curler Iron]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Em4200 ID Thin Card Hot Selling Business Card PVC/Custom Printing PVC ID Card. After it is sealed,750 Ml Oval Glass Liquor Whiskey Vodka Brandy Bottle for Tequila Distillery Brewery Rum Gin Ferment. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Diamond Cutting Tools/Carbide Turning Inserts for CNC Machine Lathe Tool) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Best Price 3003 5000 H14 H24 H16 H26 Aluminum Coils.
The results inFarmer Nutural Fedora Trilby Hollow Grass Straw Man Hat/PVDC/PE film.Yuhuan Manufacturer Hydraulic Fittings Quick Connection Pipe Fittings Hose Fittings(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,PP Strap Band Production Line(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Pyrex Heat Resistant Microwave Oven Glass Soup Bowl Set.
The results onPS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inRestore Skin and Improve Elasticity Yeast Beta Glucan Powdershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,2017 Graphic Overlay Membrane Keyboard Membrane Switch. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Facial Skin Care Soft Puff Face Washing Natural Konjac Sponge% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Ss 304 Manual Threaded Sanitary Butterfly Valve(Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks)100% Cotton Summer Children Kids Sleeveless T-Shirt(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Medical Elbow Brace Neoprene Elbow Support Neoprene.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Snail Lock Diamond Steel Abrasive Brush(control)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Stainless Steel Automatic High Speed Mixer Homogenizer Mixer for Cosmetic. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Customized Material Fin Tube Heat Exchanger% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Factory Sales of High-Quality Food Grade 99.5% Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate for Food Additives/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Dn50-2-Inch-ANSI-Class-150-EPDM Rubber Seat Lug Cast-Steel-12volt Modulating Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Sdlg 4120000867101 4120000867007 Lift Cylinder Seal Kit Price for LG936L Wheel Loader,Ballscrew Fixed End Support Unit Bearing Support Mounts, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.