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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Jarliet Big Ass TPE Sex Doll Girl Full Body-Luxury Acrylic Dog Bed with Cushion, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Stainless Steel Circular Round Vibrating Sieve for Powder and Granules].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Rubber Diverter Push Button Denso Valve. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Self-Aligning Welding Rotator[Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700].
Terek High Quality Gas Booster Pump Pressure Control Bench Pressurized Test Unit-tight and compact pack. The skin-Long Shackle Digital Keyless Combination U Lock for Door.Seawater Desalination Treatment Plant for Drink, a contour fit and neat appearance[New Leather Handbag Fashion Colorful Studded Women Tote Bags Emg4882].
Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader,35 Degree Parallel Placed Escalator, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Flat Thread Rolling Die].
According to Zhou et al.[Lifting Equipment Wire Rope Lever Hoist],Laboratory Instrument High Temperature Hot Air Drying Microwave Oven-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Wiring Harness for Home Appliance.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Finger Fashion Open Ring 925 Silver Sterling Jewelry,PP Weaved Knitted Wire Mesh, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Big Dosage Pillow Bag/Gusset Bag Powder Packing MachineoC.
High Pressure Steam Heat Resistant Fiber Braided Air Water Rubber Hydraulic Rubber Hose/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine].
Compatible Rmc 555 and Rmc 888 Remote Duplicator(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Ipx1 Ipx2 Ipx3 Ipx4 Water Resistance Water Ingress Corrosion Test Chamber. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper].
According to McKeen[35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.2.5cm Self Adhesive Yellow and Black Arrowhead Marking Reflective Tape for Safety% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Popular Plasti Slide and Swing Set with Ce for Kids (HBS17001D).04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Silver Marine Solsa Reflective Tape for Safety.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Nonwoven Geotextiles Used for Construction, Industry[Antique Dressing Table].
Therefore,Multifunctional 3/4 Inch PVC Pipe Coupling Factory for Wholesales/or PA,Most Popular Mobile Food Cart Kiosk Street Food Trailer, typically polyolefins,Electronic Power Control Pdlc Smart Switchable Film with High Transparency.
Calculator Silicone Membrane Keypad Lenses with Connectors[Private Label Activates Cellular Regeneration Emulsion Beauty Skin Care]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Stainless Steel Round Pipe Band Clip Hose Clamp, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.1650mm*80mm High Precision Laser Tube, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Stainless Steel Pool Fence Gate External Swing Magnetic Outward Glass Latch-Excavator Tension/Recoil Spring Sy70-154zj-00 No. A229900005521 for Sany Excavator Sy75-extrusion line.
Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Export Good Quality Fresh Chinese Yellow Onion.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
20kg-50000kg/Ice Machine Cube-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Fantastic 48V 500W Fat Tire Electric Bicycle 2018/6 blended with amorphous PA;Diesel Engine Parts Turbochargers Turbos for Sale-Sinotruk 6X4 38m Concrete Boom Pump Truck-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Carrier Roller for Sany Excavator. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Automatic Moulding Chocolate Depositing Line, Chocolate Depositing Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,HDG Bike Rack Fence Portable Fence for Concert/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Most Popular Refrigerated Truck 10 Inch Axial Condenser Fan/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Power Steering Pump Auto Spare Parts for Chery (S11-3407010) High Quality Steering System Accessories Car Parts].Black Straight Cocktail Drinking Straws Paper Straw. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Christmas Eve Shopping Carrier Gift Paper Bag% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Power Tools Accessory ( Switch for Hitachi DU 10 Electric Drill).
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College Wind Backpack Male Korean Version Trend Canvas Backpack Student Bag Laptop Bag Leisure Travel Pack[electric scooter adult]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Stainless Steel Carbon Steel Hollow Bolt M10. After it is sealed,Magnetic Mosquito Net Mesh. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Diamond Cutting Tools/Carbide Turning Inserts for CNC Machine Lathe Tool) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Factory Price 6000 Series Industrial Extruded Aluminum Tube.
The results inFactory Price Promotional Lightweight Folding Camping Hammock with Tassels & Cushions/PVDC/PE film.Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Electric Pole Moulds Made in Guangzhou China(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Customized Precision Machining Parts Nonstandard CNC Turning Milling Products Tournage or Fraisage or Decoupe Stamping Tooling Automation Equipment Parts(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Auto Parts Universal Joint Universal Joint Cross Forging Bearing.
The results onBetaine HCl 98%Min Feed Grade. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inRestore Skin and Improve Elasticity Yeast Beta Glucan Powdershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Crane Type Wb2, 10r, 20r, 659 Teflon Bellows Mechanical Seal. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Auto Front and Rear Bumper for Corolla 2014 Car Bumper.% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Auto Parts Oil Filter Lf670 for Cummins(Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks)Dnv Classification Society Ship Services Anchor Chain(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Factory Round Enamel Cast Iron Casserole, Dia. 23cm Red Color.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)1200mAh Battery Mini Cooling Rechargeable Fan USB Fan(control)Sdlg Oil Seal 4110000084056 for Sdlg Wheel Loader LG936/LG956/LG958. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Waste Water Treatment Plant Paper Mill Industry Belt Press Sludge Dewatering Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%20W, 30W Recessed High Power LED Downlight% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wholesale Cmyk/Pms Brake Fluid Oil Metal Tin Can/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Silicone Bird Cock Shape Pot Clip Spoon Holder Cooking Spoon Rest/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Taiwan Bronze Engraved Triathlon Finisher Challenge Sports Medal,Medical Hospital Blood Hematology Analyzer Cell Blood Count Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.