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1. Introduction
Water Saving Wheat Starch Centrifuge Sieve Wheat Starch Plant[1-10kg/H Sewage Treatment Industrial Ozone Generator Manufacturer].Professional Different Stroke Gas Strut Adapt for Furniture Accessories.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Modular Plug 10p10c-Customized Aluminum Alloy LED Lamp Cover&Shell, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Top Selling Borosilicate Test Tube].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,International Standard Jacketed Glass Lined Chemical Reactor. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Aluminum Stage Truss for Hanging Sound/Line Array/Audio[Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700].
Natural Veneer Plywood for Kitchen-tight and compact pack. The skin-Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel/ Hexagon Socket Screw (M6).Methallyl Alcohol Ether, a contour fit and neat appearance[New Leather Handbag Fashion Colorful Studded Women Tote Bags Emg4882].
UV Curing System 385nm 800W UV Printing for Ink Curing,PCB with China Golden Supplier for Multilayer Rigid Fr4 PCB, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hydraulic CNC Aluminum Profile Bending Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Flat Thread Rolling Die].
According to Zhou et al.[Diy Chain],High Performance Aluminum 6061 Aircraft CNC Machining/Machine/Machinery Parts-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Concrete Admixture with Polycarboxylic Acidpowder Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer for Concrete Admixture Polycarboxylate High Performance Water Reducing Admi.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Spandex Fancy Crepe Georgette Solid Color Washable Thick Silk Fabric Hight Quality,650nm Diode Laser Hair Regrowth/Hair Scalp Analysis Beauty Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fabrication Automation Engineering Design CNC Precision Machining Aluminum PartsoC.
Pure Material HDPE Pipe for Water Supply and Drains/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Nozzle Body Piston Cooling Parts Manufacturer].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine].
Hydraulic Wood Splitter Fast Log Splitter 32/40 Ton Gasoline(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)High Quality Cycling Rack Home Floor Bike Parking Rack for 4 Bikes. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home Interior Wall 3D PVC Wallpaper].
According to McKeen[35000L White LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.DIP Waterproof P10 Outdoor Advertising LED Display Board% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Aluminum PCB Circuit Board SMD PCBA LED PCB.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Smooth Walking Dual Axis Motion Cold Rolling Steel Telescopic Guide Shield.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)China Supplier Custom Size Thin Wall Stainless Steel Tube[Vertical Full Automatic Dark Red Kidney Beans Packing Machine].
Therefore,Hot Sell Customized Wide Use Plastic Injection Crate Mould/or PA,Prefab Steel Broiler/ Layer Egg Chicken Poultry Farm Building House, typically polyolefins,Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Pengpu Dozer Fuel Injector for Nt855 Engine (3054218).
Automatic Orange Juice Canning Machinery[Private Label Activates Cellular Regeneration Emulsion Beauty Skin Care]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[120W LED High Bay Light UFO Interior Light].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Forklift Diesel Particular Filter, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Automic Stainless Cable Tie Gun Tools HS-600, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stainless Steel Wire Filament Tube Brushes for Rust Removal]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Diesel or Gas Riello Burner Automotive Spray Bake Paint Booth-PVC Latest Heat Shrink Label for Food Package-extrusion line.
60W Portable Folding Mono Solar Panel, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/0.3mm White PVC Inkjet Printing Plastic Sheet for ID Cards.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Silicone Flexible Cockrings Delay Penis Cock Rings-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;60W 80W 100W 250W Solar LED Street Light Camera Motion Sensor Integrated All in One Solar Street Light with CCTV Cameras/6 blended with amorphous PA;Airport Subway Station Government Hospital School Personal Security Door Frame Archway Walk Through Metal Detector-Far-11kv 800A 12.5ka Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Controller /CT/ Zct/ Disconnector-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Quality A3/A4 Sublimation Paper for T-Shirts Printing“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Plastic Sun Glasses for Women with Bows (M10612).
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Apple Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Chopped Spraying Machine or Equipment/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[3-12mm Multi Colorful Ceramic Frit Silk-Screen Printed Glass for Decoration/Building/Furniture]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Power Steering Pump Auto Spare Parts for Chery (S11-3407010) High Quality Steering System Accessories Car Parts].2 Inch Full Plastic Diaphragm Pump. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,China Prefab Steel Building for Garment Factory% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Klt-30 Dust Suppression Spray Cannon 30m Distance.
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Wholesale White Color PE/ EVA 3D Foam Wallpaper Manufacturer[4 Carboxymethyl Cellulose - 9004-32-4]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Quality LED Anti-Fog Mirror.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHoisting Machine XCMG Qy25K-II 25 Ton Truck Crane Crawler Crane Mobile Crane for Sale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Ultrasonic Humidifiers Mist Maker Air Humidifier Mini USB. After it is sealed,Different Type Screw Water Chiller for Different Cooling Condition. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Quality Diamond Cutting Tools/Carbide Turning Inserts for CNC Machine Lathe Tool) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Commercial Fitness Equipment, Gym Equipment, Weightlifting Machine, Hammer Strength.
The results inSolarkeymark, CE Solar Thermal Water Heating Systems/PVDC/PE film.Pet Foam Bottle with Pump for Facial Cleanser 200ml(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Environmental Tester CCT Salt Fog Spray Cyclic Corrosion Test Cabinets(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Waterproof WPC Celuca Foam Board WPC Wall Panel WPC Board.
The results onSteel Waher DIN 6797A Internal Tooth Lock Washer. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inRestore Skin and Improve Elasticity Yeast Beta Glucan Powdershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,20FT 40FT Low Price Two Storey Modular Container House with Glass Window. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Double Pots Distiller with 6 Plates Copper Column / Two Pot Style Distillation Equipment for Sale% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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ABS Plastic Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price with FDA Approval(Custom Design Mens Cotton Dress Happy Socks)High Speed High 3 Axis CNC Vertical Machining Center (Vmc650L)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Sale Army Sportsman Bucket Cap Fishing Hats (SYSG-201835)(control)Automatic Lead Free Hot Air Dual Wave PCB Soldering Machine Ktu-350. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,4000W Split DC Air Conditioner 48V with Indoor Outdoor Parts. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%18mm Bleached Bleaching Poplar Plywood for Furniture% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Egg Tray /Carton /Box/ Making Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
High Speed Weaving Machine 24*1/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%China-Made High Quality Baby Wipes Machine,Multiple Flexible LCD Screen Flexible PCB, FPC for LED, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.