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1. Introduction
TBR Flat Glass Tempering Ceramic Roller Furnace for Windor Glass Door Glass Wall Glass Laminated Glass Insulating Glass[Police Disposable Nylon66 Handcuff with Two Loop].Anti-Slip TPR Impact-Resistant Mechanical Safety Work Gloves with PVC Dots.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Construction & Decoration ERW Square Steel Tube Manufacturer-NFC Blank PVC ID Card/PVC Blank Chip Card, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Air Filter Bag].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,100 Inch 110inch Projection Screen Electric Motorized Projector Screen. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,37inch Digital Signage Network 3G 4G Android WiFi LCD Advertising Display Monitor[Air-Cooled Chiller on Sale for Small Cooling Water].
Wevi Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Thermos Easy Ccarry Handle Sports Water Bottle-tight and compact pack. The skin-Custom Logo Camouflage Upper Buckle Design Sides Sandals for Men.2 Wheel Self Balancing Electric Scooter Shenzhen Hoverboard, a contour fit and neat appearance[Q35y-20 Hydraulic Iron Worker Machine].
Auto Blower Dynamic Balancing,Ball Screw Nut with Toco Brand, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Power Tools 50.8cc Grass Trimmer and Cutter with Brand New Engine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[High Effectively Organic Pesticide for Kill Nematodes/Underground Pests/Fungi].
According to Zhou et al.[2019 Round Shape Laboratory Plastic Petri Dish 60mm Sterile Mould],Stainless Steel Casting / Sand Casting with Customized Design-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Microcomputer Program Timer Switch Kg316t.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.36 Compartments Hard Plastic Transparent Jewelry Storage Box Organizer with Removable Dividers,High Effectively Organic Pesticide for Kill Nematodes/Underground Pests/Fungi, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression SocksoC.
CNC Fiber Laser Metal Sheet Cutting Machine Combination with Laser Metal Tube Cutting Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[EPS Sandwich Board for Indoor Partitions].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Suede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030].
Wholesale High Quality Cotton Singlet Printed(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Wire Rope Mini Electric Hoist 100kg Low Headroom Wire Rope Electric Pulling Hoist. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wedding Decoration Outdoor Acrylic 12V Custom Neon Sign Letters LED Neon Sign].
According to McKeen[CNC Water Jet Cutter Ultra High Pressure 5 Axis Waterjet Cutting Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Sand Casting Gray Iron Aluminum Castings% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Custom Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Security IR Night Vision Small Baby Smart Camera Monitor Kids Housing.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Nylon Anchor, Nylon Frame Fixing Anchor[www.industry-boiler.com].
Therefore,60cc Four Stoke Unique Engine Mini ATV for Cheapest Price in The World/or PA,Egg Tart Home Frozen Plastic Packaging Box, typically polyolefins,Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 336HP 371HP Prime Mover.
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat[Anodized Surface Aluminium Pipes Tubes]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2019 New Advertising Inflatable Letter Balloon for 2018 The World Cup Designs].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Laser Cutting Parts De-Slagging Deburring and Chamfering Machines, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.8006-Lo Modern Style Economic Single Sink Without Mirror Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Vanity, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Pg Manual Scraper Bottom Discharge Centrifuge]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Arc Stand Air Porch Swing Hammock Chair-Safety Auto Disable Syringe Automatically Retracting-extrusion line.
Bicycle Spoke LED Safety Light/Reflectors for 2 Wheels, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Lithium Battery Charger for 60V Electric Vehicles Unicycle Scooter.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
350mm 600mm Ce Certificated Fuel Grade UHP Graphite Electrodes for Arc Furnaces-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Metal Wire Square Flower Pot Basket/6 blended with amorphous PA;UL List CAT6A UTP Ethernet Network LAN Cable-Sea Fish Thailand Brand Handmade Fishing Net China Manufacture Monofilament with 100m, Red De Pesca De Nylon-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Stainless Steel Sanitary Hygienic Open Impeller Centrifugal Pump“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Small Automatic Digital Capsule/ Pill Counting Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Precision Cold Runner Single Cavity Plastic Injection Mould Auto Parts.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Supply 304 Coil Tube Manufacturer with Best Quality/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Micro Subminiature Transducer Sensor Mini Compressions Load Cell/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[DC AC 150W Modify Sine Wave Inverter in Car]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[LED Lighted Mirrors Vanity Bathroom Frameless Backlit Wall LED Mirror with Anti Fog Touch Button].China White Polyamide Nylon Double Braid Rope. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[12V 100ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack with BMS for Camper RV]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Offer Prototypes, Recommendations, Technologies and Market Perceptions with Observations of Users to Investigate The Prospective Needs for Mould and Mould Part% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.5pin Circular Push Pull Connector Factory in China FAG Fgg Egg Feg ECG.
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High Quality Bulk Price Selank Powder for Bodybuilding[Stainless Steel Three Layers Round Filter]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Vertical Radial Impeller Small Head Irrigation Pump.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onColor 3D 3D Printer Machine for Sale 3D Printing Machine Price. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Hydraulic Metal Hole Digger Punching Machine (CH-80). After it is sealed,3mm-12mm Digital Printing Glass. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,New Arrivals Woven RFID Bracelet ID IC Wristband S with Plastic Cards.
The results inShenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch/PVDC/PE film.Good Quality Enameled Cooking Pot(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Grade One 8 Shape America Barber Shop Hair Curl Sponge(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver.
The results onPVC Commercial Click Vinyl Flooring. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inExpanded Metal Strainers Metal Mesh Screenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Refillable Glass Spray Bottle for Perfume% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Comfortable Office Furniture Computer Desk and Chair Can Be Placed Indoor and Outdoor(Hospital Cardiac Defibrillator Machine (THR-MD-800B))Grade a Polycarbonate Sheet for Noise Barrier(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Stainless Steel 304 Watch Band Sfs-Sswb.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin(control)Seaweed Liquid Boron Fertilizer Good for Flowering and Fruiting. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1),1220*2440/12/15/18mm Melamine Faced Plywood for Furniture and Coffins, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.