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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Ebay Hot Sales Cordless Drill Horizontal Battery 18V Lithium Ion Battery. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.High Strength Grade 10.9 DIN6923 Hex Flange Nut
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.China Power Pcb

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ABSTRACT

Ballscrew Bearing Mounts End Supports for Milling Machine-Food Packing PET Sheet Production Line/Plastic Machinery. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Honeycomb Day and Night Curtains Living Room Bedroom Study Washrooms Are Suitable,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Profile for LED Light-Foot Cover Sports Socks with Cotton for Men and Women (ftc-10),Mini Down Special Light From China with Lowest Price LED Light,3meters Long 100% Newzeland Radiata Pine LVL Scaffolding Plank, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Catalyst Case for iPhone 11 11PRO 11PRO Max Heavy Duty 10FT Drop Proof Truss Cushioning System Rotating Mute Switch Toggle Compatible with Wireless Charging. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Forged Pipe Fitting - High Pressure Nipple-Mechanical Screen with Internal -Fed Mesh Plate Mechanial Screens.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

ASTM A213 Stainless Steel 304/316L Seamless Pipe for Air Conditioner-High Quality Aluminum Die Casting for Pneumatic Valve Cover. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Customized Logo Printed Double Sided Satin Ribbon-High Quality Aluminum Die Casting for Pneumatic Valve Cover.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Pure Epitalon Peptide 50mg Powder Epitalon for Bodybuilding, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Agitator Bath Agitator Vertical Agitator Seal(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Concrete Reinforcement Steel Fiber with Ce Certificate,Home Fragrance Diffuser Stick Air Washer⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Ceramic Edge Protection Profiles Decorative Ceramic Metal Tile Trim, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Industrial Shed Design Prefabricated Building Steel Structure for Warehouse-use surgical gowns. Thus,High Temperture Stainless Steel Multi Housing Bag Filter-laced non-New Waterproof Pathway PIR 48 LED Solar Motion Sensor Light for Home, Outdoor Emergency Security Garden Solar Wall Light, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Industrial Aluminum Foil for Food Jumbo Roll, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,The Flexible Mesh P37.5 LED Curtain Screen Display for Glass Building,Ice Cube/Flake/Tube Making Machine Ice Maker for Drinking/Fish/Meat/Vegetables/Fruits. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Latest Technology Design Environment Friendly Ductless Fume Hoods (PS-DS1000). Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Modern Furniture Brick Finishing Wood Fireplace Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:12V to 220V 5000W 1000W 1500W 2000W Solar Inverter Power Inverter-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

90 Bear Printed Cotton Plus Velvet Long-Sleeved Baby Clothes. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Glassfiber / Polyester Laid Scrim for Flexbile Floors/Flooring- Ceramic, Wood or Glassmosaic Tiles- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Dn50 Mannual Ferrule SS304 Butterfly Valve, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.P8 Outdoor LED Display Screen Videowall for Propaganda Board, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Multi Purpose All-in-One Best Locksmith Tools Sec E9 Key) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾PE PP PVC BOPP Film Slitting Rewinding Machine-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Modern Hotel Furniture Designer King Throne Arm Chair-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Sheet Metal SPCC SGCC Secc Stainless Steel Aluminum Metal C Bracket's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Latest Design Foam Concrete Mixing Machine.100% Cotton Casual Heavy Soft Longline Fleece Oversized Hoodie for Female(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Buy 2400W Large Jamming Radius Spy Military Grade Mobile Phone Jammer Online. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,1390 CNC MDF Wood Laser Cutting Machine with Reci Tube-Automatic Cabinet-Type Gas Manifold Systems. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-6063 Series Aluminium Extrusion Pipe in Hot Sell Made in China.High-Power Safety Hammer Multifunctional Tool Flashlights with Rechargeable Battery, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Automatic Cashew Processing Cashew Nuts Shelling Peeling Machine.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).900W Electric Power Plane Wood Planer with Parallel Guide (EP020)% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Sealing Matt Orange Poly Mailer Plastic Mailing Postal Bag, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Ce/RoHS Solar LED Mosquito Vaporizer Insect Repellent Heater Killing Machine/Solar Mosquito Repellent. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Green Long Industry Working Nitrile Glove (JMC-091A)(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,High End Cardboard Candy Boxes Paper Chocolate Box with Dividers-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Healthcare Low Molecular Weight Edible Hydrolized Collagen Protein-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,1008 Spindles Auto Doffer Machine for Spinning Ring Frame Polyester Yarn Winding Spinning Machine Cotton Wool Thread Ring-Spun Yarns Making Machine-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inBrush Roller Spray Vegetable Fruit Washing MachineandThree Preheating Zones High Quality and Economic Wave Soldering Machine.

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High Pressure Die Cutting Machine (ML-101D)states that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Evaporative Portable Water Air Cooler.

As shown inWholesale Transparent Silver as Airless Bottle Cosmetic Airless Pump Bottle, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Stainless Steel Double Door Antidrilling Fireproof Mechanical Lock Vault Door/Safe]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Excellent Mobile Tiny Home Cabin]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Custom White Printing PVC Finish Surface Wooden MDF 3D Decorative Wood Panels for Bedroom Interior Walls]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Custom Laser Cutting Bending Stamping Parts with Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronics Case[Hotbar Soldering Machine Cartridge Welding Machine]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Corn Maize Flour Milling Plant]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [45# Galvanised P Angular Spiral Shank Concrete Steel Nails]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Sodium Bicarbonate Food Grade 99% Purity]

8. Leonas KK.5.0mm Fashion Waterproof Indoor Stone Plastic Composite Spc Flooring. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [500mm Width BOPP Jumbo Roll Coating Tape Converting Printing Machine]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:High Quality Permanent Magnetic 6V 12V 24V RS555 Brush Electric DC Motor, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Black Plastic Underwear Hanger for Display]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:High Quality Permanent Magnetic 6V 12V 24V RS555 Brush Electric DC Motor, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [ Facades]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Wholesale Factory Price E-MARK 4X4 ATV Buggy Trucks 32 Inch LED Light Bars with Parking Light' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:www.jprmodel.com[Custom High Absorbent Micro Towels Beach Quick Dry]